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277 articles for “disease mechanism”
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Host-Pathogen Coevolution: Implications for Immune Evasion and Pathogen Fitness
Abstract: The interaction between hosts and pathogens represents a continuous evolutionary struggle, shaping both microbial virulence and host immunity. Pathogens employ diverse strategies to evade immune surveillance, ranging from antigenic variation and molecular mimicry to hijacking of host immune checkpoints. Simultaneously, hosts refine innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to counteract infection and limit damage. This reciprocal adaptation, known as host–pathogen coevolution, influences pathogen persistence, transmission, and fitness, while also sculpting immune …
Published in International Journal of Pathogens · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 6–10 Read article
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Host Invasion to Immune Evasion: Emerging Concepts in Pathogen Virulence Strategies
Abstract: The interaction between hosts and pathogens represents a continuous evolutionary struggle, shaping both microbial virulence and host immunity. Pathogens employ diverse strategies to evade immune surveillance, ranging from antigenic variation and molecular mimicry to hijacking of host immune checkpoints. Simultaneously, hosts refine innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to counteract infection and limit damage. This reciprocal adaptation, known as host–pathogen coevolution, influences pathogen persistence, transmission, and fitness, while also sculpting immune …
Published in International Journal of Pathogens · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 Read article
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Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils and their Major Components
Abstract: The essential oil of lemongrass, palm rosa and eucalyptus were found to be good antimicrobial agents. To a large extent the results suggest their potential use as chemotherapeutic agents, food preserving agents, and disinfectants. However before considering these compounds as chemotherapeutic agents against human/animal diseases, it is important to study their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. Studies were then carried to investigate the probable mechanism by which these compounds act against …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany Read article
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Molecular Docking and Interaction of Anthocyanin Derivatives in Regulating Hippo-taz Pathway for Renal Injuries
Abstract: Introduction: The Hippo pathway plays a pivotal role in renal disease, with Yes-associated protein (YAP) exhibiting promise for combined treatments. The crucial evaluation of YAP-targeted drug safety and efficacy through preclinical studies is imperative. Additionally, α-SMA and SMAD3 emerge as potential therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis, driving ongoing research toward innovative interventions. Materials and Methods: In the systematic identification of therapeutic secondary metabolites, Anthocyanin derivatives were methodically retrieved from the …
Published in International Journal of Genetic Modifications and Recombinations · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 23–38 Read article
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Comprehending Ancient Wisdom of Ayurveda: Unveiling Phytochemistry and Molecular Mechanisms of Rasayana Medicine
Abstract: Rasayana medicine is an integral part of ancient medical system of India. In Sanskrit ‘rasayana’ refers to “path of essence” and serves as one of the eight clinical specialties of classical Ayurveda. Rasayana focuses on restoring health by replenishing vital fluids of human body. According to Ayurveda, our physical body constitutes of seven dhatus called ‘Sapthdhatu’, sapth-seven and dhatu-tissues or microchannels. These channels are the pathway through which vital nutrients …
Published in Journal of AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 14, Issue 3, 2025 · pp. 59–67 Read article
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Role of Human Neutrophils in Inflammation and its Modulation by Ixora coccinea
Abstract: Neutrophils are one of the key cells that actively participate in the innate immune reactions. Sequences of event of pathogen elimination by neutrophils are initiated with the activation of resting neutrophils. Pathogen is then eliminated by oxygen-dependent killing mechanism or oxygen-independent killing mechanism. This process includes margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and degranulation of neutrophils. Although, these mechanisms of the neutrophils are targeted to eliminate the pathogens and protect the body, …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 32–48 Read article
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Interaction of Bioactive Component of Aframomum melegueta on Molecular Docking
Abstract: Computational mimicry of the structure of large complexes created by di- and poly-interaction of molecules has been termed molecular docking. The purpose of molecular docking is the prediction of the three-dimensional structures of interest, this is due to that docking only produces plausible candidate structures. The docking was carried out between the bioactive compounds against 5α-reductase, 3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase of returned binding energy, BE (kcal/mol) between -5.9 and …
Published in International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 51–60 Read article
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FDA Drug Approvals 2024: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract: The year 2024 has been pivotal for the pharmaceutical industry, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granting approval to a diverse array of new drugs. These approvals highlight significant strides in therapeutic innovation, targeting a spectrum of diseases from rare genetic disorders to prevalent chronic conditions. This article provides a detailed examination of the FDA-approved drugs of 2024, focusing on their therapeutic indications, mechanisms of action, and the …
Published in Research & Reviews: A Journal of Drug Formulation, Development and Production · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 28–46 Read article
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Importance of Immunological Aspects in the Treatment and Vaccine Development of COVID-19
Abstract: COVID-19, a coronavirus disease spread by SARS-COV-2 virus is a highly contagious disease which leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome. It has highly jeopardized the whole globe in a pandemic situation. This disease originated from Wuhan, China in December 2019. The outbreak of this virally spread disease was very rapid and it also appeared to be life threatening. This article lays out a brief overview about the virus, its mechanism, …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2021 · pp. 20–32 Read article
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A General Review of Mucuna Pruriens W.S.R to its effect on Parkinson’s Disease.
Abstract: Mucuna Pruriens is a very famous drug prescribed in classical ayurvedic science in various disorder of Nervous System including Kampavata .In Clinical Practice ,Physician used Levadopa as a Dopamine replacement agent in controlling bradykinetic symptoms apparent in Parkinson disease so used successfully in treatment of Parkinson disease.Kapikacchu(Mucuna Pruriens) is having Balya, Brimhanaha, Vrishya, and Vatahara properties and is a natural source of L-dopa. So, keeping in views of the degenerative …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Herbal Science · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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From Clinic Formulation to Development of Acebrophylline
Abstract: Acebrophylline, a commonly utilized bronchodilator with anti-inflammatory properties, has become a key therapeutic option for managing respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic bronchitis. This review explores the journey of Acebrophylline from its clinic formulation to its development and commercialization, focusing on the key aspects of formulation strategies, pharmacological properties, and regulatory considerations. The drug’s dual mechanism of action, which involves both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects, …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology · Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 35–48 Read article
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Histoplasma capsulatum (Dimorphic Fungus) in India: Biological Features, Virulence Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications of Histoplasmosis.
Abstract: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Infection is acquired primarily by inhalation of infectious microconidia and may range from asymptomatic infection to severe disseminated disease. Although histoplasmosis has classically been associated with the river valleys of the Americas, it is being increasingly recognized in Asia, including India, where it frequently mimics tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lymphoma, and leprosy, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. Cutaneous …
Published in International Journal of Fungi · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 38–48 Read article
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Microorganisms used in aquaculture
Abstract: Microorganisms play a vital role in the health and sustainability of aquaculture systems, contributing to water quality management, disease control, and the overall productivity of aquatic farms. Beneficial microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and probiotics, are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on aquaculture operations. These microorganisms can enhance nutrient cycling, promote the breakdown of organic waste, and reduce the need for harmful chemicals, thus improving the environmental footprint of …
Published in International Journal of Marine Life · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 Read article
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Proper Case Selection to Ensure Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Abstract: It is now well-known that dental plaque exists as a biofilm, and specific plaque bacteria such as A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis are responsible for the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Plaque bacteria within the biofilm are partially protected from antibiotics and host immune reactions. The strategy of periodontal treatment should include a break-up of the biofilm and subsequent elimination of periodontal pathogens. Plaque biofilms cannot be eliminated by daily …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 41–53 Read article
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Molecular Mechanism of Fluoride Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Possible Reversal by Chelation Therapy
Abstract: Fluorine (Fl) a member of the halogen family is the most electronegative and reactive of all the elements of the Periodic table. Chronic and acute exposures of fluoride leads to cardiovascular disease (hypertension and atherosclerosis), neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver disease, renal disease, reproductive effects, other health disorders and also affects the antioxidant system in the body. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage is a common malady in fluoride …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2013 · pp. 7–34 Read article
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Drug Resistance in Targeted Cancer Treatment: Clinical Difficulties, Molecular Mechanisms, and Emerging Strategies
Abstract: Targeted cancer therapy, which selectively inhibits the molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor growth and development, has revolutionized modern oncology. Targeted therapies have lower systemic toxicity and better therapeutic efficacy when compared to traditional chemotherapy. However, the emergence of medication resistance often limits the long-term efficacy of these treatments, ultimately resulting in treatment failure and disease progression. Drug resistance develops through a number of intricate biological processes and can be innate …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science · Vol. 17, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 130–138 Read article
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Bio-Inspired Polymer Composites for Artificial Cartilage Replacement
Abstract: The rising cases of osteoarthritis, traumatic injuries, and degenerative joint diseases are also putting pressure on the new material that is durable, biocompatible and mechanically resilient to act as artificial cartilage. The normal articular cartilage is composed of collagen fibers, protein glycids and water in the interstitium. These elements provide it with excellent load bearing quality, lubrication and wear resistance. Due to the limited self-repair capacity of cartilage and the …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2026 Read article
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Unani Concepts of Brain Pathology: Humoral Mechanisms in Māddī Neurological Disorders
Abstract: Background: The Unani System of Medicine (USM) considers the brain (Dimāgh) as the principal organ of Quwā Nafsāniyya (psychic faculties), responsible for sensation, cognition, memory, movement, and emotional regulation. According to Unani principles, health is maintained through equilibrium of Mizāj (temperament) and Akhlāṭ (humours), whereas disease develops when this balance is disturbed. Among neurological disorders, Sū’-i-Mizāj Māddī Dimāgh refers to pathological conditions of the brain associated with the accumulation of …
Published in Journal of AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 21–29 Read article
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Herbal Plants for Cancer Prevention
Abstract: Since cancer continues to be a major cause of morbidity and death globally, effective prevention measures are desperately needed. As the world’s cancer burden increases, interest in alternative cancer prevention methods, particularly the use of herbal medicine, is also increasing. With their rich history and diverse phytochemical composition, medicinal plants provide a great opportunity for the development of disease prevention strategies. This review explores the potential of various plants, including …
Published in Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 01–07 Read article
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Role of Centella asiatica in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological illness that causes cognitive decline and memory loss and affects millions of people worldwide. As synthetic medications often prove ineffective or cause severe side effects, natural remedies are gaining attention. This review explores the potential of Centella asiatica, a herb traditionally used in oriental medicine, in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Triterpenoids, asiaticoside, and madecassoside are among the bioactive substances found in Centella …
Published in International Journal of Brain Sciences · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 1–7 Read article