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199 articles for “application layer”
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Network Models: TCP/Internet Protocol vs. OSI
Abstract: Networking your computer dramatically enhances their ability to communicate and most computer are used more for communication than computation. The positive impact of computers grows in direct proportion to the number and type of computers that participate in network. One of the greatest benefits of TCP/IP is that it provides interoperable communication between all types of hardware and operating system. TCP/IP is an abbreviation for transmission control protocol/internet protocol. TCP/IP …
Published in Journal of Advances in Shell Programming Read article
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Exploring the Intersection of Blockchain and Cybersecurity
Abstract: The digital landscape is an increasingly contested battleground, where the escalating sophistication of cyber threats consistently challenges the efficacy of traditional, centralized security architectures. Pervasive data breaches, identity theft, and vulnerabilities stemming from single points of failure underscore an urgent need for a paradigm shift in cybersecurity. This study posits that blockchain technology, with its foundational principles of decentralization, immutability, cryptographic security, and transparent distributed consensus, offers a transformative framework …
Published in Current Trends in Information Technology · Vol. 16, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 32–42 Read article
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Refining Retinal Layer Segmentation in OCT Imaging with Advanced Techniques and Clinical Applications
Abstract: Segmenting retinal layers from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) pictures entails locating and separating different retinal layers to offer comprehensive anatomical and pathological information. Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma are among the retinal illnesses for which this procedure is crucial for diagnosis and follow-up. By utilizing preprocessing techniques to improve image quality and applying advanced algorithms—such as intensity-based, gradient-based, and texture-based methods—alongside deep learning approaches, clinicians can accurately measure …
Published in Trends in Opto-electro & Optical Communication · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 01–06 Read article
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A Literature Review on Internet of Medical Things
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by improving diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient management through data-driven insights and automation. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) represents a significant shift in modern healthcare, enabling real-time patient monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and enhanced medical outcomes. This literature review explores the architecture of IoMT, including perception layer, network layer, transport layer and application layer. It also thoroughly explores key challenges like ensuring data security, …
Published in International Journal of Wireless Security and Networks · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 23–34 Read article
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The Role of IoT in Shaping Smart Cities with Architectural Perspective
Abstract: The integration of IoT in smart cities is revolutionizing the development of cities through interconnected systems that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life. Real-time data collection,communication, and processing are facilitated by IoT technology through its layered architecture:sensing, network, and application layers. These interlinked ecosystems help solve such serious problems of urbanization as the efficient allocation of resources, smooth flow of traffic, efficient utilization of energy, and the handling of …
Published in Journal of Control & Instrumentation · Vol. 16, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–10 Read article
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IoT-Enabled Sustainable Development: Architectures, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has developed into a powerful technology that can help tackle key global sustainability issues by enabling real-time monitoring, supporting data-based decisions, and facilitating smart automation. By interconnecting physical devices, sensors, and communication networks, IoT enables continuous data collection and analysis that supports efficient resource utilization across multiple sectors such as energy, agriculture, water management, transportation, and urban infrastructure. Through smart sensing and automated control systems, …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Exploring DHCP Protocol Administration: A Packet Tracer Simulation Study
Abstract: The following functions of DHCP are included to lessen network administration: TCP/IP setting that is automated and centralized. the capability of centrally defining TCP/IP setups. the use of DHCP options to allocate a complete range of additional TCP/IP configuration values. DHCP runs at the application layer of the TCP/IP stack. Although this essay will concentrate on Windows NT, another advantage of DHCP is that it is compatible with a wide …
Published in International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 1–11 Read article
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Direct Synthetic Routes of MXenes and Their Application in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) As Supplementary Sizing Layer†
Abstract: Sized carbon fibers with a supplementary sizing layer of MXenes (synthesized via traditional MAX phases), bonded to carbon fibers (CFs) as well as the resin matrix via different kinds of physicochemical (van der Waals force, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding) interactions enhanced the performance of the resulting carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials. This is because of the strong interface generated due to the appearance of MXene at the interface of …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 07–13 Read article
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Comprehensive Analysis of Modern IoT Security Challenges and Solutions
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly transforming various industries by enhancing the human quality of life (QoL) through its wide-ranging applications. From healthcare to automotive, agriculture, education, and numerous other sectors, IoT has become essential for enabling smarter, more efficient systems. However, with its heterogeneous nature, IoT introduces a multitude of security challenges, as different IoT applications often function under varying frameworks and protocols. Consequently, addressing and studying IoT …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 12, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 34–39 Read article
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Simultaneous Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Polyvinyl Chloride Nanocomposite by Magnesium Aluminum-Layered Double Hydroxide
Abstract: The application of nanoclays in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is limited as the organic modifier of conventional nanoclays can degrade PVC. Using usual nanoclays could reduce thermal stability due to the catalytic effects on PVC degradation, so the main chalenge is to find suitable nanoclay for PVC. The effects of two nanoclays, MgAl-layered double hydroxide and alkylammonium-modified montmorillonite, were studied on the mechanical properties of PVC nanocomposites. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)-plasticized PVC …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 6, 2025 · pp. 825–837 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review on FinFet Technology : Advantages, Challenges and Applications
Abstract: New devices and enhanced layers have been developed, specially the FinFET (Fin Field-Effect Transistor) which is considerably superior to the planar transistor because of its ability to meet the new demands of systems for high-performance, low-power, and dimensions reduction. Some of the recent developments in FinFETs mentioned in this review include a reduction of leakage currents by 50% and an enhancement of the speed by 30%; thus, FinFETs remain fundamental …
Published in Journal of Semiconductor Devices and Circuits Read article
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Analysis of Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) Solar Cells Using Cu2O as a Hole Transport Layer (HTL) with Varying ETL Thickness
Abstract: Solar cells offer a viable option for creating new clean energy solutions, though they may require supplementary energy sources. Renewable electricity sources, known for being affordable, accessible, and greenhouse gas-free, are increasingly popular. Photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight into electricity, stand out as an excellent choice. Over the past two decades, advancements in photovoltaic technology have significantly reduced costs and enhanced the efficiency of solar cells.[4] Perovskite materials, recognized for …
Published in Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 38–48 Read article
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Shell Programming in Computer Programming: Application and Techniques
Abstract: Shell programming is writing scripts with shell commands to automate tasks in an OS. Well, the shell is what enables users to reach the kernel, the program that controls the kernel, which actually enables the users to execute commands, manage files and run processes efficiently. The examples are Bourne Shell (Sh), Bourne Again Shell (Bash), Korn Shell (Ksh), C Shell (Csh), Z Shell (Zsh), etc. Of these, Bash is the …
Published in Journal of Advances in Shell Programming · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 17–21 Read article
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Data Security in IoT
Abstract: Privacy and security are among the major Internet of Things (IoT) challenges. Improper device upgrades, lack of effective and robust security agreements, user ignorance, and popularity active device monitoring is among the challenges IoT faces. In this work, we explore the background of IoT applications and security measures, and identifying alternative security as well privacy issues, methods used to protect location components and IoT-based programs, existing security solutions, and the …
Published in Journal of Multimedia Technology & Recent Advancements Read article
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Semiconductor Nanostructures and Ferrocene; Pillars of Bioelectronics and Biomedicine
Abstract: The semiconductor nanostructures are studied due to their fascinating new property in the perspective of nanotechnology. The properties of semiconductor structures can be altered by external rheological conditions. This article presents an overview of semiconductor nanostructures and their properties, such as electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of semiconductors. Moreover, it presents an intuitive description of a variety of semiconductor nanostructures and ferrocene. The quests for medical and electronic applications of …
Published in Journal of Nanoscience, NanoEngineering & Applications · Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 47–54 Read article
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Advances in Polymer-Based Materials for Dental Applications: A Case Study on PVC and Ceramic Coatings in Digital Mouth Mirrors
Abstract: Polymeric materials play a crucial role in modern dentistry, providing improved mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and enhanced functionality in dental instruments. These materials contribute significantly to the advancement of dental tools, ensuring durability, safety, and efficiency. This study explores the application of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic coatings, and anti-fog polymer layers in the development of a digital mouth mirror. The integration of these materials results in enhanced durability, corrosion resistance, and …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 6, 2025 · pp. 244–252 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review of FinFet Technology: Advantages, Challenges and Applications
Abstract: This has been complemented by improvements on the new layers that have surpassed the manufactures planar transistor by the new FinFET (Fin Field-Effect Transistor), which enhance modern demands on high performance, small size and low power consumption. This review is for a timely information on the latest development on FinFET technology, such as by curbing leakage currents by 50 percent and enhancing its speed by 30 percent proving that FinFETs …
Published in Journal of Semiconductor Devices and Circuits · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review on Deposition Techniques for Functional Thin Films
Abstract: Thin films have become a critical element in the design and development of advanced functional materials because of their remarkable versatility, high efficiency, and ability to be easily integrated into a wide variety of devices. These films are used in a broad range of industries, from electronics to energy, owing to their ability to improve the performance of components by providing tailored electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The deposition of …
Published in Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology & Application · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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Advanced Techniques in Filler Layering for the Malar Region: Implications for Cellular Integrity and Long-Term Outcomes
Abstract: Objective: This review investigates advanced filler layering techniques for the malar region, focusing on cellular integration, collagen remodeling, hydration dynamics via aquaporin channels, genetic responses, and filler performance over time. Emphasis is placed on high-density HA fillers (Lyft, Voluma, Volift, and Volux), examining cellular-level mechanisms, genetic interactions, and the role of key pathways (TGF-β, ERK/MAPK, AQP3) in long-term outcomes. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, focusing on genetic, cellular, and …
Published in International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 10–19 Read article
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NexCart – The Ultimate Shopping Platform: A Full-Stack E-Commerce Web Application
Abstract: The rapid growth of internet technology has significantly transformed traditional shopping methods into digital commerce platforms. This paper presents NexCart, a web-based e commerce application designed to provide a simple, scalable, and secure online shopping experience. The system allows users to browse products, manage shopping carts, place orders, and perform secure transactions efficiently. The platform is built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript on the front end, while the back end …
Published in Journal of Open Source Developments · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 Read article