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28 articles for “Global health threats”
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A Decade of Viral Evolution (2015–2025): Emergence, Mutations, and Implications for Global Health
Abstract: Over the past decade (2015-2025), viral evolution has profoundly reshaped the global health landscape, challenging healthcare systems, diagnostic tools, therapeutic strategies, and vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively analyzes the evolutionary trajectories of major human and zoonotic viruses, with a focus on pandemic-prone, drug-resistant, and emerging pathogens. Viral evolution is driven by diverse molecular mechanisms including high mutation rates, recombination, reassortment, host immune pressure, and antiviral interventions, leading to genetic diversification, …
Published in International Journal of Vaccines · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 31–40 Read article
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A Study on accelerating threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and imperative for a proactive, interdisciplinary Global Health Security Framework
Abstract: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) represent one of the most critical and persistent threats to global health security in the 21st century. Driven primarily by the synergy of unprecedented human encroachment into wild habitats, climate change-induced ecological disruption, accelerated international travel, and antimicrobial resistance, the frequency and severity of zoonotic spillover events are rapidly increasing. Traditional, reactive public health measures—focused on containment after an emergence—have repeatedly proven insufficient, leading to catastrophic …
Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 8–21 Read article
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Antimicrobial Resistance and AI-Based Strategies for Rapid Pathogen Detection
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major global health threat, significantly reducing the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapies and increasing the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has created an urgent need for faster, more accurate, and scalable diagnostic approaches to support timely treatment and effective infection control. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising technology capable of transforming pathogen detection and AMR surveillance through …
Published in Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 26–36 Read article
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Vaccines in the Fight Against COVID-19: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Global Challenges
Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created an unparalleled public health problem, necessitating comprehensive prevention. This page discusses COVID-19's evolution, scientific understanding, and quick vaccine production and implementation. It compares the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety profiles of the four major types of COVID-19 vaccines—namely mRNA, viral vector, protein subunit, and inactivated virus vaccines. Each type is evaluated in terms of how it stimulates the immune response, its effectiveness in preventing infection or …
Published in Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 34–48 Read article
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Advancements in Antiviral Therapeutics: Strategies and Challenges in the Development of Drugs and Vaccines for Viral Diseases
Abstract: Viral infections continue to pose a significant threat to global health, leading to high rates of illness, death, and economic burden. The constantly evolving nature of viruses, along with the rise of drug-resistant strains, underscores the need for continuous advancements in antiviral treatments. This review highlights the pivotal role of antiviral drugs and vaccines in mitigating the impact of viral infections, showcasing recent breakthroughs and exploring emerging technologies. Key advancements …
Published in International Journal of Virus Studies · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 32–36 Read article
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Review of Current Trends in Vaccine Development against Zoonotic Viruses: Challenges and Innovations
Abstract: The emergence of zoonotic viruses poses a significant threat to global public health, necessitating rapid advancements in vaccine development. This review highlights the current trends and innovative strategies employed in the creation of vaccines against zoonotic pathogens, including but not limited to viruses responsible for diseases such as Ebola, Zika, Nipah, and more recently, SARS-CoV-2. We discuss various vaccine platforms, including inactivated, live attenuated, mRNA, and viral vector vaccines, focusing …
Published in International Journal of Virus Studies · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 1–11 Read article
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Mannan-Rich Fractions in Poultry Nutrition: A Sustainable and Defensive Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has evolved to be a significant global threat, menacing worldwide health and food security. Its proliferation in poultry farming has spurred the search for sustainable, non-antibiotic alternatives. One promising alternative is Mannan-Rich Fractions (MRFs), which is derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These bioactive compounds not only support poultry health but also aid in suppressing pathogenic bacteria without contributing to resistance. This review brings together current studies highlighting how …
Published in Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–16 Read article
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Tropical Medicine and Leishmaniasis: Unraveling the Complexities of a Neglected Tropical Disease
Abstract: Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the cause of the vector-borne disease leishmaniasis, which poses a serious threat to global public health in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite being common and having a significant effect on human health, leishmaniasis is still a neglected tropical disease, with little funding available for investigation and prevention. This article examines the relationship between leishmaniasis and tropical medicine, emphasizing the particular difficulties this intricate …
Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 29–39 Read article
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A study on Antibiotic Resistance: An Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Abstract: Antibiotic resistance (AR) represents one of the most critical existential threats to global public health, rapidly eroding the efficacy of established antimicrobial therapies and portending a return to the pre-antibiotic era. This analysis explores the intricate molecular landscape defining this crisis, focusing specifically on the primary mechanisms of action (MoA) utilized by major antibiotic classes—including cell wall inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors—and the corresponding, diverse mechanisms …
Published in International Journal of Antibiotics · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 9–21 Read article
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Ebola Vaccination: From Outbreak Control to Global Preparedness
Abstract: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most dreadful and lethal viral infections, continuously generating threatening impacts on the health of the global population, especially in low-resource environments. This review provides an overview of Ebola vaccines, focusing on virology, vaccine development, clinical trials, regulatory approval, deployment plans, and ethical issues. Recombinant viral vector platforms have seen the development of successful vaccines, with the most prominent example being rVSV-ZEBOV, which …
Published in International Journal of Vaccines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 27–37 Read article
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Municipal Material Management
Abstract: The increase in global prosperity and population has led to a significant rise in the generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), posing serious threats to public health and the environment. This study explores the global state of MSW generation, composition, and management strategies, comparing the effectiveness of various technologies across 59 developed and developing countries. A total of 19 criteria for the selection of MSW management technologies are discussed, highlighting …
Published in International Journal of Sustainability · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 11–15 Read article
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Unveiling the Silent Threat: The Escalation and Defence Against Antibiotic Resistance
Abstract: The global challenge of antibiotic resistance presents a significant risk to public health, driven by multifaceted factors worldwide. This issue, akin to the impacts of climate change, requires concerted efforts at national and international levels to mitigate its consequences. Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine, enabling critical interventions like surgeries, transplants, and cancer treatments. However, without global collaboration, we face significant setbacks across medical, social, and economic domains. Initiatives to address …
Published in International Journal of Antibiotics · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–26 Read article
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The Global and Regional Challenge of Pan-Antibiotic Resistance: A Review of Emerging Threats and Mechanisms
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major and most intricate threats to the health of the 21st century as it is core to the undermined expertise of the common clinical practice and public health security worldwide. The problem is characterized by the extensive development of bacterial pathogens into extremely drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) so- called superbugs faster than it can be done with therapeutics. It is a synthesis …
Published in International Journal of Antibiotics · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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COVID-19 Resurgence in 2025: India’s Continuing Public Health Challenge
Abstract: The year 2025 has witnessed the resurgence of COVID-19, reigniting concerns at both global and national levels regarding the persistent threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. In early 2025, India witnessed a moderate resurgence of COVID‑19, characterized by the emergence of Omicron sub-variants and a rise in mild-to-moderate infections. As of mid-June, active COVID‑19 cases in India totaled approximately 6,000–7,400, with hotspots in Kerala (~2,100 cases), Delhi (~600), Maharashtra (~500), and several …
Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 16–23 Read article
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The Dual Crisis: Antibiotic Resistance and the Discovery Void – A Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Non-Traditional Approaches
Abstract: The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most critical public health challenges of the 21st century, threatening to undermine decades of therapeutic success and rendering conventional antibiotic regimens increasingly ineffective. Parallel to the escalating resistance rates is a profound “discovery void,” characterised by a steep decline in the development of new antibiotic classes since the late 20th century. Together, these two interconnected crises create …
Published in International Journal of Antibiotics · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 47–65 Read article
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Reimagining Plastic Waste: The Impact of Eco-Bricking on Student Engagement and Community Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic pollution poses a severe threat to the environment, impacting ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. With millions of tons of plastic waste generated globally each year, innovative solutions for waste management are essential. This paper explores the eco-bricking initiative at Sovanagar High School, which transforms plastic waste into eco-bricks—sustainable building materials used for constructing green walls, benches, and other structures on the school campus. By effectively reducing plastic waste, this …
Published in International Journal of Atmosphere · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 23–25 Read article
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Typhoid Fever: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management
Abstract: Typhoid fever is a systemic and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, which primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route via ingestion of contaminated food and water. It continues to be a major global public health concern, particularly in developing and low-resource countries where poor sanitation, inadequate personal hygiene, and unsafe water supplies prevail. The disease is characterized by prolonged high-grade fever, abdominal discomfort, headache, loss of …
Published in Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–4 Read article
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Infectious Diseases: Current Epidemiology, Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies, and Global Health Perspectives
Abstract: Infectious diseases are still a major health challenge in the world, and there is increased strain on the health systems of nations. This review examines the most important issues in the management of infectious diseases, such as the distribution and effect of infectious diseases across the world, pharmacotherapeutic approaches, and the functions of public health interventions. New threats such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the contribution of climate change, and the …
Published in Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 10–18 Read article
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The Heat of Competition: Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities and Adaptive Governance in Endurance, Winter, and Youth Sports
Abstract: Background: Climate change is fundamentally reshaping the environmental parameters of global sport, posing unprecedented risks to athlete health, safety, and performance. As rising temperatures, frequent extreme heat events, and deteriorating air quality become the new normal, athletic environments from community fields to elite international arenas face an existential threat. Purpose: This study provides an interdisciplinary synthesis of the multifaceted impacts of climate change on athletes, integrating evidence from sports medicine, …
Published in International Journal of Climate Conditions · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 9–17 Read article
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Historical Reflection on the Imperative of Security Sector Reform (SSR) in A Democratic Society
Abstract: The end of Cold War heralded “Hot Peace” into the international system. Before then, people thought that the conclusion of the Cold War would bring about a lasting peace on a global scale. However, this noble aspiration was not 1a be s- September-il, amply and—brutally demonstrated besides, the increasing wave of terrorism. Global democratization efforts brought about the end of the Cold War. People all across the world took advantage …
Published in International Journal of Trends in Humanities · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 09–18 Read article