International Journal of Tropical Medicines

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• Published Ahead of print Subscription

  Why Ebola Continues to Re-Emerge: Systemic Failures, Emerging Challenges, and Innovative Strategies for Sustainable Prevention and Control

  By Eric Kwasi Elliason, Arti Thakur

  Abstract: Background: The rapid surge in the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) seems to have overwhelmed a seemingly resilient healthcare system, especially in countries that have recorded high numbers of infections in recent times. There is no doubt that there have been advances in diagnostics, improved vaccines, therapeutics, and better outbreak response, yet recurrent outbreaks of the virus persist. What could be wrong? With this pattern, it will not be far-fetched to …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines Read article →

• Published Subscription Original Research 20 Jul 2026

  Reward-Aligned Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for Emotion-Sensitive Large Language Model Therapists: Balancing Empathetic Engagement, Boundary Safety, and Clinical Accountability

  By Vaibhav Baishkhiyar, Ankit Kumar Tiwari, Hardik Srivastava, Shikhar Gupta

  Abstract: The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in mental health therapy contexts introduces a critical alignment challenge: these systems must simultaneously cultivate genuine empathic rapport, observe clinically grounded safety boundaries, and remain auditable under institutional accountability frameworks. Existing reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) pipelines optimize for a scalar reward signal that is demonstrably insufficient for the multi-objective, temporally extended nature of therapeutic conversation. This paper presents RA-RLHF-T (Reward-Aligned RLHF …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 11 Jun 2026

  "Onychomycosis in the Indian Subcontinent: Clinical, Microbiological and Therapeutic Perspectives,”

  By Prof (Dr.) Atul Khajuria, Tapaswi Ram Khajuria, KIRAN KUMARI

  Abstract: Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nail unit involving the plate, bed, and matrix, accounting for a substantial proportion of nail disorders encountered in dermatology practice worldwide. In South Asia—particularly India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal—the burden is amplified by a convergence of climatic, socioeconomic, and healthcare-related factors. Hot and humid environmental conditions, widespread dermatophytosis, occlusive footwear practices, chronic wet work, and limited access to specialized mycological diagnostics contribute …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 20 May 2026

  Drug Marketing in Tropical Regions and Its Effect on Pharmacovigilance Awareness and Reporting

  By Suraj Sen, Anit Jha, Rajeev Ratan, Aman, Ashish Pal

  Abstract: Drug marketing practices in tropical regions present a complex interplay between pharmaceutical promotion, healthcare infrastructure limitations, and public health outcomes. These regions – characterized by high disease burden, socio-economic disparities, and diverse healthcare delivery systems – often experience unique challenges in ensuring safe and rational drug use. Aggressive and sometimes unregulated marketing strategies by pharmaceutical companies may significantly influence prescribing behavior, patient compliance, and, ultimately, pharmacovigilance systems. Pharmacovigilance, defined as …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 1–17 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 20 Feb 2026

  Infectious illnesses in areas of violence and among refugees

  By V B HANS

  Abstract: Infectious illnesses are a huge and ongoing hazard in conflict zones and among refugee populations. This is because frail health systems, population relocation, and poor living conditions all come together to make transmission risks higher. Armed conflict undermines vital public health infrastructure, such as vaccination programs, disease surveillance, water and sanitation systems, and access to medical care, resulting in the resurgence and proliferation of avoidable and treatable illnesses. Refugee camps …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 36–40 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 20 Feb 2026

  A Systematic Review on Factors Contributing to Infertility

  By Prakash Honrao, Gopal Lohiya, Rohit Sarda, Kranti Satpute, Yogesh Chavan, Kate Kuldeep, Aniket Salunke, Akshay Kshirsagar

  Abstract: Infertility is a multifactorial reproductive health condition affecting approximately 10–15% of couples worldwide and continues to represent a major clinical and social challenge. Despite substantial advances in assisted reproductive technologies, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic interventions, many couples still face difficulties in achieving pregnancy. The impact of infertility extends beyond physical health, often leading to emotional distress, social pressure, and financial burdens, especially in societies where parenthood is highly valued. Consequently, …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 31–35 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 25 Jan 2026

  Immunological Biomarkers and Epidemiological Evaluation of Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Efforts in Osun State, Nigeria

  By Nzekwe Samuel C, Babarinde Samuel O., Morakinyo Adetoun E., Boladale Abiodun L., Adeyemo Tolulope A., Kehinde Damilale O., Adeyemo Temitayo A., Ogundinmu Marvelous O., Oyebamiji David A., Oladunni Opeyemi, Okorie Anyaele O., Adejumobi Musibau O., Ayeleso Ademola O., Odaibo Alexander B.

  Abstract: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains a neglected tropical disease affecting millions globally, despite extensive elimination efforts. While the interruption of transmission is a key goal, the long-term immunological effects on individuals with existing complications like elephantiasis remain poorly understood. This study assessed the current transmission status of LF and the haematological profiles of infected individuals across selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 7,388 individuals from …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 22–30 Read article →

• Published Subscription Review Article 20 Jan 2026

  Nature’s Pharmacy: Plant-Based Antifungal Agents and Their Therapeutic Potential

  By Ashish Yadav, Himanshu Singh, Rajkamal, Nitish Kumar, Raveena Rani

  Abstract: Antifungal resistance has increased dramatically over the last 10 years, causing serious problems for healthcare because of higher morbidity and death. The urgent need for new treatments is highlighted by the scarcity of effective antifungal medications, their toxicity, and the rise of resistant strains. Since many plants have bioactive secondary metabolites with strong antifungal qualities, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins, ethnobotanical sources offer a viable path. Plants with …

  Published in International Journal of Tropical Medicines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–7 Read article →

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