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729 articles for “Layer”
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Machine Learning Framework for Optimizing Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites as Charge Selective Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract: To achieve high-performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it was important to incorporate innovative interfacial materials to tune the balanced charge extraction, low recombination, and enhanced operational lifespan. On this note, polymer composites with metal oxides have been proposed as promising candidates as charge selective layers (CSLs), whereby they present a rare combination of tunable energy levels, improved film forming abilities, and better interface engineering capabilities. In this …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 6, 2025 · pp. 1073–1098 Read article
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Digital Agriculture Schemes in Kerala: Risk Analysis and Multi-Layered Security Framework
Abstract: Kerala’s agricultural sector is undergoing rapid digital transformation, driven by initiatives such as the e-Krishi platform and the growing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT)–enabled precision farming technologies. While these developments promise improved productivity, transparency, and data-driven decision-making, they also introduce significant cybersecurity and data governance challenges that cannot be overlooked. This paper critically examines the emerging security, privacy, and operational risks associated with the digitization of agricultural services in …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 23–30 Read article
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Multi-Layered AI-Driven Security in Wireless Ecosystems
Abstract: The proliferation of next-generation wireless technologies, from 5G/6G networks to the pervasive Internet of Things (IoT), has birthed a hyperconnected digital ecosystem of unprecedented scale and dynamism. This interconnectedness, however, introduces a vast and volatile attack surface, rendering conventional, signature-based security paradigms fundamentally obsolete. This paper posits that the only viable defense is an offensive, self-adaptive one, predicated on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) directly into the wireless security …
Published in International Journal of Wireless Security and Networks · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 21–28 Read article
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A Study on AI-Driven Multi-Layered Defense in 6G Ecosystems
Abstract: The 6G networks bring about new degrees of possible functions related to connectivity, latency, data throughput, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI). This enables advances within healthcare, autonomous systems, and smart cities. The positive impact of rapid advancements must also be balanced with heightened risks due to the sheer volume of gaps that can be exploited, and the complex nature of the alignments and breaches. This results in the breaches …
Published in International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 Read article
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Autonomous 6G Physical Layer Architectures for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks
Abstract: The emergence of sixth generation (6G) wireless systems calls for a significant shift away from conventional deterministic communication models. As communication infrastructures evolve into Space- Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN), traditional physical layer (PHY) techniques struggle to operate effectively under the severe Doppler effects and long propagation delays associated with space environments. This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence embedded directly within the 6G transceiver architecture to enable ultra-reliable and …
Published in Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks · Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 21–31 Read article
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Layered Metal–Polymer Hybrid Laminates with Embedded Impact Sensors for Connected Automotive Panels
Abstract: The increasing demand for lightweight, intelligent, and structurally reliable automotive components has accelerated the development of multifunctional hybrid materials capable of simultaneously providing superior mechanical performance and real-time structural health monitoring. In this study, a novel layered metal–polymer hybrid laminate incorporating an embedded flexible impact sensor was developed for connected automotive panel applications. The laminate was fabricated using AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy face sheets and a thermoplastic polyurethane interlayer through hot-press …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 5, 2026 · pp. 36–47 Read article
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Penetrative Thermomagnetic Convection in a Micropolar Ferrofluid Layer via Internal Heating
Abstract: Through the internal heating model thermomagnetic convection in a micropolar ferrofluid layer has been studied in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field. The rigid-isothermal boundaries are considered to be paramagnetic. The eigenvalue problem is solved numerically by Galerkin technique. The system stability is dependent on the various parameters like, dimensionless internal heat source strength Ns, magnetic parameter M1, the non-linearity of magnetization parameter M3, magnetic susceptibility χ, coupling …
Published in Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 30–50 Read article
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Thermomagnetic Convection in a Ferrofluid Layer with Throughflow
Abstract: The effect of vertical throughflow on the onset of thermomagnetic convection in a ferrofluid layer in the presence uniform vertical magnetic field is investigated theoretically. Both the boundaries are considered to be rigid-ferromagnetic and insulated to temperature perturbations. The resulting eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin technique as well as analytically by regular perturbation technique with wave number as a perturbation parameter. Results show that the effect of …
Published in Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2020 · pp. 44–53 Read article
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Studies on the DC Characteristics of Nanoelectronic Single-Heterojunction GaN based HEMTs with AlGaN Layer of 22 nm
Abstract: AbstractIn this work, total 2367 individual simulation-outputs are reported. We have studied the drain characteristics in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) having the AlGaN thickness of 22 nm. According to this study, the drain current increases with drain voltage. Also, the drain current increases with gate voltage. The drain current is observed as higher at larger aluminium mole fraction. Also, the drain current is higher at larger doping concentration. …
Published in Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Sensitivity of Rigid Pavement Responses to Pavement Layer Thickness Due to Wheel Load: A Nonlinear Finite Element Study
Abstract: The behavior of a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) has been investigated under single wheel load for interior loading using finite element technique to predict the critical pavement responses for both linear and nonlinear geometrical characterization. The idealized pavement system is analyzed using 3D finite element analysis with the general purpose finite element software ABAQUS. The developed 3D model was analyzed for four combinations of material characterizations- (1) linear base …
Published in Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2014 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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A Literature Review on Internet of Things Application Layer Communication Protocols
Abstract: AbstractIoT makes use of diverse communication protocols proposed by many organizations for message sending over the application layer. Various IoT data transmission protocols involve MQTT, CoAP, XMPP, AMQP, REST, DDS and HTTP. Each protocol has its own functionality and can be used in a specific way for serving the IoT systems. According to recent researches, MQTT and CoAP are considered the major protocols that best fits the IoT environment. The …
Published in Research & Reviews: A Journal of Embedded System & Applications · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 30–38 Read article
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A Decrease in the Encryption Latency Utilizing Transport Layer Protocols for Software Defined Networks
Abstract: Data centers and business networks are rapidly using SDN (Software Defined Networking), an emerging technology. It isolates the control plane from the underlying data or forwarding plane to allow more efficient and customized network control with a global view of the underlying network. A variety of encryption algorithms created for network-level data encryption and decryption must be used in a PC network for every application communication to be encrypted at …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2023 · pp. 24–38 Read article
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Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric Coated with Swietenia microphylla Bark as a Wound Contact Layer
Abstract: The present work discusses the development of cotton and cotton gauze-based bandage using mahogany. The biological properties of mahogany bark extract have been identified. The 25% concentration of mahogany extract have been treated directly and kept at room temperature for conditioning. Further the antibacterial activity of mahogany-treated samples have been evaluated against wound infecting pathogens (AATCC- 147) Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2014 · pp. 1–4 Read article
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Self-Healing Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposite Encapsulation Layers for Ultra-Stable Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules under Extreme Environmental Conditions
Abstract: The recent trend is that perovskite photovoltaic modules are vulnerable to moisture, oxygen, thermal cycle, UV, and mechanical stress, which seriously affect the working stability of the modules under harsh environmental conditions, thereby hindering the rapid commercialization. In this study, a new self-healing graphene–polymer nanocomposite encapsulant layer is proposed to improve the durability and reliability of perovskite solar modules in extreme climates. The encapsulation system combines functionalized graphene nanosheets into …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2026 Read article
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Egg Quality in Laying Hens: Optimizing Genetic, Nutritional, Environmental and Management Factors for Sustainable Layer Farming
Abstract: This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical factors affecting egg quality in laying hens, focusing on the integration of genetic, environmental, nutritional, and management practices. Egg quality, including shell strength, albumen consistency, and yolk pigmentation, is a key determinant of both production efficiency and marketability. Genetic factors, such as selection for desirable traits, like shell integrity and yolk color, have a significant impact on the overall quality …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Optimization of Buffer Layer for Enhancement of the Photovoltaic Performance
Abstract: Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) based photovoltaic device is becoming increasingly prominent due to better efficiency with distinct device structures. In the present paper CZTS based thin film solar cell have been investigated by using SCAPS-1D simulation software. Various parameters of the solar cell have been varied to study the impact on the photovoltaic performance of the device. Further, the performance of the solar cell at different parameters have been optimized. Using …
Published in Journal of Microcontroller Engineering and Applications · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 19–24 Read article
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Power and Congestion Control Analysis for MANET in NS3
Abstract: AbstractRouting to MANET is difficult due to the navigation feature. The main causes of connection failure are mobility, interference, and congestion. Mobility means that each node is free to move within its transport area. The interference is due to a collision and a hidden node. A hidden node means two nodes outside the radio frequency range of each one while trying to transmit data to an intermediate node located in …
Published in Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 31–43 Read article
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Automated Access Backdoor for UVM_REG Layer
Abstract: Systems on chips (SoCs) design have many configuration registers. Configuring the registers through a Bus protocol consumes lot of simulation time. Hence, time saving becomes a challenge in configuring the registers. The other way to configure registers is backdoor access. Backdoor is a zero simulation time access by mapping to the register directly using the hierarchical path. It allows rapid configuration of registers and can uncover hidden bugs as execution …
Published in Journal of VLSI Design Tools and Technology · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 49–53 Read article
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Functional Verification of AMBA AHB-Lite using Layered Testbench Technology of System Verilog
Abstract: Huge complexity of chip increased in the past recent years and integration of more number of transistors on a single system on chip (SoC) makes verification of any SoC based design very critical. Ever increasing complexity and size of designs lead to a number of verification challenges, which are the productivity, efficiency, reusability and completeness. About 75–80 % of the total design cycle time is spent in functional verification. To …
Published in Journal of VLSI Design Tools and Technology · Vol. 6, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 104–112 Read article
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Design and Analysis of Quantum Dot Solar Cell Using SCAPS-1D Software
Abstract: Compared to conventional solar cells, quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) have drawn a lot of attention due to their hybrid structure, low production cost, and greater power conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, carrier recombination in the quasi-neutral region (QNR) continues to limit their performance. The electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) are two of the layers that are most important in determining the overall efficiency of the device. The …
Published in Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies · Vol. 17, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 15–20 Read article