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160 articles for “trees”
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Traversal Speed Comparison of BFS and DFS in Balanced and Skewed Binary Trees
Abstract: In this paper, we provide an analysis of how well both breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS) algorithms perform while wandering through two kinds of binary trees: balanced and skewed. The research was motivated by the practical application of storing files and directories in a certain type of parent-child relationship through the use of hierarchical file systems (e.g., windows explorer). The result of measuring how fast and versatilely these …
Published in International Journal of Data Structure Studies · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Environmental Impact of Ghaf Tree (Prosopis cineraria) on Heavy Metals Concentration in Atmosphere
Abstract: The Ghaf is a hardy tree, drought-resistant, and can grow up to ten meters in height, it tree produces small, yellow flowers which attractive to many habitats, like bees, insects, and birds. The leaves and pods of the Ghaf tree have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can be used in new drug development. Ghaf trees can adapt to changing environmental conditions and planting Ghaf trees could be an effective …
Published in International Journal of Minerals · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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Network Intrusion Detection System Using Decision Tree
Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) using advanced decision tree algorithms to address critical limitations in existing IDS solutions. Traditional IDSs often struggle with high false positive and negative rates, lack of scalability, and poor interpretability. Our proposed IDS leverages decision trees to enhance detection accuracy, interpretability, and scalability, thereby improving network security. Decision trees are chosen for their adaptive learning capabilities, transparent decision-making …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 22–33 Read article
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Risk Assessment of Nitration Process Using HAZOP and Fault Tree
Abstract: The present study addresses the safety issues associated with the nitration reactions. Since the nitration reaction is highly exothermic in nature exhibiting intense heat during the operation and may explode if wrongly handled, the risk assessment of nitration reaction is absolutely necessary. In the present work, the production of Ortho Nitro Chloro Benzene (ONCB) and Para Nitro Chloro Benzene (PNCB) is considered to perform the risk assessment of the nitration …
Published in Journal of Industrial Safety Engineering · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 18–23 Read article
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Cyber Security Evaluation for a Petroleum Refinery Using Attack Tree Methodology and Economic Indexes
Abstract: Information Technology (IT) is vital and valuable to our society. An important type of IT system is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The most common misconception regarding the security of SCADA was that this network was electronically isolated from other networks and hence attackers could not access them. Over the years SCADA systems have become incorporated with other IT systems, which has made them becoming increasingly vulnerable to …
Published in Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering Read article
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Performance of Artificial Neural Network for Tree Species Identification using Sentinel-2 Data
Abstract: Accurate land cover mapping, especially concerning vegetation, is crucial for effective land use policy planning and sustainable forest management. Hence, achieving accuracy in mapping requires a deep understanding of composition changes, vegetation conditions, and the spatial distribution of tree species. In the spatial context of tree species, it holds significant potential for applications including invasive species monitoring, delineating contaminated areas, and biodiversity conservation. However, traditional methods for tree species identification …
Published in Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS · Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 12–21 Read article
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Bird-Tree Associations and Co-occurrence Patterns in Delhi: Implications for Urban Ecological Restoration and Invasive Species Management
Abstract: Urban trees and birds are intertwined indicators of ecological resilience in cities. This study maps citywide bird-tree interactions in Delhi, India, hosting more than 300 avian species. The city was divided into hexagonal grids, and bird-tree data (506 interactions) were collected through field surveys across 131 sites using standardised 1-kilometre transects. Native keystone species like ficus supported the greatest bird diversity, while invasive Prosopis juliflora was widely used for perching …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Ecology · Vol. 16, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Risk Assessment of Batch Sulfonation Process using Fault Tree and Bowtie
Abstract: The current study looks into the batch reactor's sulfonation reaction's safety features. Acetanilide, thionyl chloride, and chlorosulphonic acid are used in the sulfonation reaction under consideration to generate acetyl sulphonyl chloride as well as by-products such HCl and SOx. Steam starts the process, which is exothermic in nature. Water is then chilled to maintain a temperature of 50°C and a pressure of one atmosphere. The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis …
Published in Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 50–56 Read article
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Application of B-trees for Design of Optimal Page Replacement Technique in Modern Operating Systems
Abstract: Algorithms related to replacing the memory pages in operating systems are critical components of modern operating systems that manage virtual memory efficiently. Current algorithms such as LRU (Least Recently Used), Clock algorithms as well as FIFO (First-In-First-Out), often struggle with the increasing demands of contemporary applications and larger memory hierarchies. This research work proposes a novel approach utilizing B-tree data structures to design an optimal page replacement technique. The proposed …
Published in International Journal of Data Structure Studies · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 23–30 Read article
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Moringa Oleifera: A Review on Nutritional and Therapeutic values of Miracle Tree
Abstract: Nowadays, there has been significant change in socioeconomic status, prompting individuals to be increasingly concerned about their lifestyle and health. They understand the negative consequences of manmade items. They express interest in natural items as a result. Over time, the usage of natural products derived from plants that have fewer adverse effects has grown in popularity. There is vast potential for natural products that may provide health benefits beyond conventional …
Published in Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 48–54 Read article
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Energy-efficient HVAC System with Decision Tree Classifier and Real-time SMS Notification
Abstract: This research paper explores the design and implementation of an energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system aimed at optimizing energy consumption and enhancing operational efficiency. The system incorporates high-efficiency components, including axial flow fans, motors, and intelligent variable frequency drives, achieving an overall system efficiency of up to 85%. By utilizing both static and dynamic pressures, the HVAC system operates more effectively under varying conditions compared to traditional …
Published in International Journal of Advanced Robotics and Automation Technology · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 29–34 Read article
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A Comprehensive Review of Green Hybrid Polymer–Inorganic Composite Systems Incorporating Palm Tree Ash and Titanium Dioxide
Abstract: The increasing requests on sustainable and high performance systems have motivated extensive investigations on polymer-based hybrid systems with bio-derived and/or functional inorganic fillers. In this review, the importance of palm tree ash (PTA) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as synergistic fillers for polymer–inorganic hybrid composites, particularly about structure–property relations, interfacial adhesion and durability performance, is discussed. Agricultural waste-derived palm tree ash (PTA) plays as a silica-rich filler which not only aids …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1811–1820 Read article
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Parallel Greedy Approach for Phylogenetic Tree Construction in the Context of Marine Species
Abstract: The rebuilding of phylogenetic trees for marine species shows major computing problems because of the massive genomic data and the huge biodiversity inherent in ocean ecosystems. Traditional phylogenetic methods are accurate but become more expensive when they are processing with thousands of marine taxa parallelly. This article shows a critical analysis of parallel greedy algorithms as an adaptable solution for large-scale marine phylogenetics. It examines the main principles of greedy …
Published in International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis Review · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 33–45 Read article
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Predictive Modeling and Optimization of Tensile and Flexural Strength in FDM 3D Printing Using Decision Trees and Bayesian Optimization.
Abstract: This research investigates predictive modelling and optimization technique for the tensile and flexural strength of PlA (Poly Lactic Acid) in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing. Employing Decision Trees and Bayesian Optimization enhances comprehension and control of 3D printing process. Precise model predicts PLA material properties based on input parameters. Methodology involves rigorous data preprocessing, encompassing, cleaning, transformation, and normalization. Hyperparameter optimization via grid search systematically explores configurations, optimizing model …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 11, Issue 12, 2023 · pp. 203–214 Read article
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Mapping the Landscape of Neem Tree Research: Insights into Chemicals and Polymers through Bibliometric Exploration
Abstract: Azadirachta indica A. Juss, often referred to as Neem, is a rapidly developing tree that falls under the Meliacea family. For more than two millennia, Indians has relied on neem oil for its healing properties. Thus, to know the importance of neem tree, the study is needed. The Neem tree has been a subject of extensive research owing to its diverse array of chemicals and polymers with multifaceted applications. This …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 12, Issue 4, 2024 · pp. 144–154 Read article
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Dynamic Skip-Layer Trees: A Novel Data Structure for Efficient Multi-level IoT Data Processing in Smart Cities
Abstract: This paper introduces dynamic skip-layer trees (DSLTs), a novel hierarchical data structure specifically designed for processing and managing multi-layered Internet of Things (IoT) sensor data in smart city environments. DSLTs extend the traditional skip list concept by incorporating dynamic layer adjustment and spatial awareness, enabling efficient querying and updates across various geographical and temporal dimensions. Our experimental results demonstrate that DSLTs achieve up to 40% faster query processing and a …
Published in International Journal of Data Structure Studies · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 11–21 Read article
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Evaluating the Economic and Ecological Importance of Traditional Fruit Trees in Uttarakhand
Abstract: This study investigates the distribution, morphological characteristics, phyto-constituents, and conservation practices of traditional fruit trees in Uttarakhand, India. The region, characterized by its mountainous terrain and diverse climatic conditions, hosts a variety of fruit species, including apple, pear, peach, plum, khumani, walnut, mango, litchi, malta, santra, lemon, aonla, guava, and pomegranate. Data on morphological traits were collected from hilly and valley areas, emphasizing their traditional importance and nutraceutical values. Furthermore, …
Published in International Journal of Land · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 06–21 Read article
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Gradient Boosted Regression Tree Approach to Predicting Toxic Interactions on X and YouTube
Abstract: In the digital age, social media platforms play a vital role in facilitating user engagement, encompassing both positive interactions and avenues for negative, often harmful behaviors. Recognizing and addressing toxic exchanges is paramount to nurturing healthy online communities and preserving users’ well-being. This study introduces a novel method for identifying toxic interactions by utilizing Gradient Boosting Regression Trees (GBRT) algorithm, a machine learning approach renowned for its exceptional accuracy and …
Published in Trends in Opto-electro & Optical Communication · Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2025 · pp. 7–14 Read article
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A Study on the Uses and Conservation of Traditional Fruit Trees in Uttarakhand: Their Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Significance
Abstract: Uttarakhand, a mountainous state in India, is home to a rich diversity of traditional fruit trees, characterized by their significant ethnobotanical and nutritional value. These fruits, cultivated in temperate and subtropical conditions, are integral to the livelihoods of rural populations, offering food security and economic opportunities. This study explores the distribution, morphological traits, and ethnobotanical uses of traditional fruits like kafal (Myrica esculenta), hisalu (Rubus ellipticus), and timil (Ficus auriculata). …
Published in Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 01–19 Read article
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Measuring Tree Diversity of Sitaram Peth Village of Bhadravati Taluka of Chandrapur District by Applying Whittaker’s Additive Model
Abstract: Forest plays a major role for sustaining biodiversity and various ecological services. There are 12 tribal districts in the Maharashtra state, which holds about 60 percent of total forest cover of the state. And among these tribal districts, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli together shares about 46 percent of forest cover. For the better conservation and management practices, the tree diversity of these forest should be measured periodically. In the present study, …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Ecology · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 49–54 Read article