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304 articles for “Defect”
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Flaws and Defects in Crystals
Abstract: Crystalline materials are defined by their long-range atomic order; however, no real crystal is completely free from imperfections. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of crystal defects and imperfections that occur in solid materials and their significant influence on material properties. Point defects, including vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional atoms, are examined alongside line defects such as edge and screw dislocations, as well as planar defects encompassing …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Effective Design of Riser for Defect-Free Casting
Abstract: Accurate design of riser helps in producing a defect free casting part. Inaccurate design of riser results in defects like hot spot, shrinkage and blow holes. Present paper focuses on the study of the different parameters occurring during a solidification process, equation which governs the solidification problem and different boundary conditions which play vital role during heat transfer in a solidification process. A literature study is also been conducted in …
Published in Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology & Application · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 23–27 Read article
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Adipofascial Flap Cover For Medial Maleolus Defect
Abstract: Soft tissue defects in the lower third of the leg, particularly over the medial malleolus, pose significant challenges due to poor vascularization and the limited availability of reliable local flaps. Over the past two decades, free tissue transfer has emerged as the preferred option for covering such defects. However, in certain cases, free flap transfer is not feasible due to patient-specific factors, cost constraints, or donor site morbidity. Traditional pedicled …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 6–10 Read article
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Crystal Defects and Their Characterization in Modern Materials Science
Abstract: The physical and chemical properties of crystalline solids are fundamentally dictated by deviations from structural perfection, known as crystal defects. From the point-scale vacancies that drive diffusion to the planar boundaries that determine mechanical strength, defects serve as the primary "tuning knobs" in material design. This review provides a comprehensive examination of point, line, and planar defects, exploring their formation energetics and their role in plastic deformation via crystallographic slip. …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 15–19 Read article
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Automatic Surface Defect Detection for Ceramic Tiles Using Digital Image Processing: A Literature Review
Abstract: The term quality is the most important factor in many industries. Whole business and the brand name are dependent upon the quality of produced goods. Defect detection is generally done manually while manufacturing may be fully automatic. Therefore, our aim is to enhance quality control by integrating various image-processing techniques, before dispatching of the final product to make no rejection rate. An automated system is expensive at the installation but …
Published in Journal of Mechatronics and Automation · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Technical Review Of Manufacturing Defects In Cold Forged M6 Nuts
Abstract: This review delves into the intricacies of M6 cold forged nuts, a pivotal component in many assemblies. These nuts are essential for maintaining structural integrity, yet their production can often lead to defects that compromise their performance. Key issues include material flaws, such as impurities and inconsistencies, dimensional inaccuracies that can affect fit and function, and surface roughness that can impact the nut's strength and durability. Material flaws can arise …
Published in Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 01–06 Read article
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An Application of PARETO Chart for Investigation of Defects in FNB Casting Process
Abstract: Casting is one of the widely used manufacturing processes consisting of melting and pouring the metal into the mould to get the desired shape. Furan no-bake system is a binder system consisting of furan resin and acid catalyst. It is a fast growing system due to its excellent surface finish and dimensional accuracy. Although having high dimensional accuracy, many defects arise in FNB casting such as sand inclusion, gas porosity, …
Published in Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 33–39 Read article
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Review of Forging Defect and its Remedies
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify different forging defect that are occurs during forging fora component and also the various forging processes. Initially,someimportantforgingtermsthatarewidelyused in this field are discussed. A detaildescription and classification of forging process and defects given. Design parameters, requirement and proper selection of die material are briefly discussed. Various forging defects which occurs regularly along with their causes and remedies are discussed.Afterthat identify the possible causes …
Published in Trends in Mechanical Engineering & Technology · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 5–10 Read article
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Measurement of Defects in Car Bearings and Its Effect on Ultrasonic Waves
Abstract: As one of the defects of roller bearings due to intermittent coupling forces and external impact loads,surface cracks due to corrosion or wear may have many defects for rotating machines. Surfacecracking on the bearing or its ball is one of the important factors in the efficiency of the bearing andits opening. It is useful to study these cracks and identify the type and size of these cracks for bearingsused in …
Published in Trends in Mechanical Engineering & Technology · Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 44–49 Read article
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Artificial Neural Network Based Defect Prediction in Casting
Abstract: The main problems which are facing by most of the casting industries is loss of productivity which is due to casting defects occurred during the production time. The main casting defects are cracks, misruns, blowholes scabs and airlocks. Most of the investigations made in this area is only discussing the defects occurred after a cast is made and no method has yet been developed to prevent the defects before casting. …
Published in Journal of Mechatronics and Automation · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 33–38 Read article
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A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Fruit Defect Detection Systems
Abstract: With evolving technologies in machine learning, significant advancements have been made in the livestock industry, helping to reduce waste, increase yield, achieve cost savings, and improve competitiveness in the marketplace. Fruit defect detection models support precision agriculture by providing valuable data for decision-making and enhancing overall efficiency through automated inspection processes. This study implements and comparatively evaluates machine learning models including MobileNetV2, a custom-designed convolutional neural network (CNN) model, ResNet50, …
Published in Journal of Image Processing & Pattern Recognition Progress · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 37–47 Read article
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Reconstruction of broad soft tissue defect around knee with combined perforator flaps
Abstract: Perforator flaps have been commonly used in reconstruction of soft tissue defects nowadays; however, it is very important to apply them properly according to the characteristics of recipient site. Since there is no universal flap appropriate to various types of defects, there have been a number of research to apply appropriate perforator flaps suitable to recipient sites. Recently, achievements have been made by applying chimeric flaps based on perforators from …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2025 Read article
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Versatile Use of the Local Muscle Flaps Pedicled by Gastrocnemius and Hemisoleus Muscle with a Longer Reach for Coverage of Lower Extremity Defects
Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to highlight the clinical usefulness of multiple local muscle flaps pedicled on the gastrocnemius and hemisoleus muscles for managing soft-tissue defects of the lower extremity. The technique was applied to defects involving the distal femur and the distal one-third of the tibia, avoiding the need for free flap reconstruction. Methods: From January 2014 to January 2023, multiple local muscle flaps were planned and utilized for the …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Medical Science and Technology · Vol. 14, Issue 3, 2024 Read article
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A Review on Study of Casting Defect in Automobile Component
Abstract: Casting process is the most widely used process in manufacturing industries especially in automotive products. Production of casting involves various processes like pattern making, molding, core making and melting. It is very difficult to produce defect free castings. In developing country, foundry industries suffer from poor quality and productivity due to involvement of number of process parameters in casting process, which challenges explanation about the cause of casting defects. The …
Published in Journal of Production Research & Management · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 8–13 Read article
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A Review Paper on Minimisation of Sand Casting Defects through Quality Improvement Methods
Abstract: Casting is a process of producing near net–shape metal components. It requires detailed planning, execution and quality inspection to ensure not only the dimensional accuracy of casting parts but the metallurgical integrity and mechanical properties of castings. This paper reviews the different types of casting defects such as shrinkage porosity, cold shut, sand inclusions, mould failure, surface hardening occurring in foundries. These defects directly affect on profitability and quality level …
Published in Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology & Application · Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2017 · pp. 10–17 Read article
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Comparative Evaluation of Autologous T-PRF Versus L-PRF Along with Freeze-dried Bone Allograft in the Management of Intra-bony Osseous Defect—A Report of Two Cases
Abstract: Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, characterized by formation of osseous deformities. Periodontal bone loss that presents with a vertical defect, is also known as an intra-bony defect. Different types of bone grafts may be employed to restore the compromised attachment structure. Freeze-dried bone allograft is a type of allograft which is osteoconductive in nature and acts as a scaffold. Platelet concentrates are biological products, filled with growth factors leading …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 12–16 Read article
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Deep Learning for Real-Time Monitoring and Defect Detection in Additive Manufactured Polymer Composites
Abstract: Additives Fiber-reinforced polymer composite ADDs have high utility in making lightweight structural components, but due to process-related defects (interlayer delamination and reinforcement stacking) the integrity of consolidation during extrusion-based deposition is frequently compromised. This paper has presented a physics-informed deep learning framework that is applicable to real-time measurements of reinforced thermoplastic composite fabrication. Multimodal sensing was provided with thermal gradient, optical morphology, and acoustics emission signals being used to assess …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 974–999 Read article
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Solar Panel Defect Detection Using Geospatially-Aware Deep Learning framework
Abstract: Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems demand reliable inspection techniques to maintain efficiency, as manual methods remain labor-intensive and inconsistent. This study introduces a geospatially informed deep learning framework for defect detection and localization in PV panels from drone and satellite imagery. The framework incorporates an adaptive tiling mechanism that adjusts tile boundaries according to object size, reducing information loss and enhancing detection performance. In addition, coordinate transformation between image pixels and …
Published in Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS · Vol. 17, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Evaluation of Process Parameters of Arc Welding for Eliminating Defects in Stainless Steel
Abstract: Arc welding is a popular metal joining process that uses a power supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point. Arc welding is used in construction, automobile industry, household and domestic appliances manufacturing industry. We will do experimental investigation on the welded product of manufacturing industry and for this investigation we will choose some process parameters which …
Published in Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2017 · pp. 16–19 Read article
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Study of Tricalcium Phosphate Graft plus Platelet Rich Plasma in Bony Defects of Maxillofacial Area
Abstract: The present study was conducted at department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, career post-graduate institute of dental sciences and hospital, Lucknow with an objective to analyze the role of PRP in wound healing of maxillofacial defects along with beta-tricalcium phosphate as bone substitute and to compare the same with beta-tricalcium phosphate as bone substitute without PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma). A total of 30 subjects with maxillofacial bony defects were enrolled …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 54–58 Read article