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143 articles for “Defects”
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Flaws and Defects in Crystals
Abstract: Crystalline materials are defined by their long-range atomic order; however, no real crystal is completely free from imperfections. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of crystal defects and imperfections that occur in solid materials and their significant influence on material properties. Point defects, including vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional atoms, are examined alongside line defects such as edge and screw dislocations, as well as planar defects encompassing …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Adipofascial Flap Cover For Medial Maleolus Defect
Abstract: Soft tissue defects in the lower third of the leg, particularly over the medial malleolus, pose significant challenges due to poor vascularization and the limited availability of reliable local flaps. Over the past two decades, free tissue transfer has emerged as the preferred option for covering such defects. However, in certain cases, free flap transfer is not feasible due to patient-specific factors, cost constraints, or donor site morbidity. Traditional pedicled …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 6–10 Read article
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Crystal Defects and Their Characterization in Modern Materials Science
Abstract: The physical and chemical properties of crystalline solids are fundamentally dictated by deviations from structural perfection, known as crystal defects. From the point-scale vacancies that drive diffusion to the planar boundaries that determine mechanical strength, defects serve as the primary "tuning knobs" in material design. This review provides a comprehensive examination of point, line, and planar defects, exploring their formation energetics and their role in plastic deformation via crystallographic slip. …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 15–19 Read article
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Technical Review Of Manufacturing Defects In Cold Forged M6 Nuts
Abstract: This review delves into the intricacies of M6 cold forged nuts, a pivotal component in many assemblies. These nuts are essential for maintaining structural integrity, yet their production can often lead to defects that compromise their performance. Key issues include material flaws, such as impurities and inconsistencies, dimensional inaccuracies that can affect fit and function, and surface roughness that can impact the nut's strength and durability. Material flaws can arise …
Published in Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 01–06 Read article
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A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Fruit Defect Detection Systems
Abstract: With evolving technologies in machine learning, significant advancements have been made in the livestock industry, helping to reduce waste, increase yield, achieve cost savings, and improve competitiveness in the marketplace. Fruit defect detection models support precision agriculture by providing valuable data for decision-making and enhancing overall efficiency through automated inspection processes. This study implements and comparatively evaluates machine learning models including MobileNetV2, a custom-designed convolutional neural network (CNN) model, ResNet50, …
Published in Journal of Image Processing & Pattern Recognition Progress · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 37–47 Read article
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Reconstruction of broad soft tissue defect around knee with combined perforator flaps
Abstract: Perforator flaps have been commonly used in reconstruction of soft tissue defects nowadays; however, it is very important to apply them properly according to the characteristics of recipient site. Since there is no universal flap appropriate to various types of defects, there have been a number of research to apply appropriate perforator flaps suitable to recipient sites. Recently, achievements have been made by applying chimeric flaps based on perforators from …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2025 Read article
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Versatile Use of the Local Muscle Flaps Pedicled by Gastrocnemius and Hemisoleus Muscle with a Longer Reach for Coverage of Lower Extremity Defects
Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to highlight the clinical usefulness of multiple local muscle flaps pedicled on the gastrocnemius and hemisoleus muscles for managing soft-tissue defects of the lower extremity. The technique was applied to defects involving the distal femur and the distal one-third of the tibia, avoiding the need for free flap reconstruction. Methods: From January 2014 to January 2023, multiple local muscle flaps were planned and utilized for the …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Medical Science and Technology · Vol. 14, Issue 3, 2024 Read article
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Deep Learning for Real-Time Monitoring and Defect Detection in Additive Manufactured Polymer Composites
Abstract: Additives Fiber-reinforced polymer composite ADDs have high utility in making lightweight structural components, but due to process-related defects (interlayer delamination and reinforcement stacking) the integrity of consolidation during extrusion-based deposition is frequently compromised. This paper has presented a physics-informed deep learning framework that is applicable to real-time measurements of reinforced thermoplastic composite fabrication. Multimodal sensing was provided with thermal gradient, optical morphology, and acoustics emission signals being used to assess …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 974–999 Read article
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Solar Panel Defect Detection Using Geospatially-Aware Deep Learning framework
Abstract: Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems demand reliable inspection techniques to maintain efficiency, as manual methods remain labor-intensive and inconsistent. This study introduces a geospatially informed deep learning framework for defect detection and localization in PV panels from drone and satellite imagery. The framework incorporates an adaptive tiling mechanism that adjusts tile boundaries according to object size, reducing information loss and enhancing detection performance. In addition, coordinate transformation between image pixels and …
Published in Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS · Vol. 17, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Computer Vision Algorithm for Surface Defects Identification in TIG Welded Joints
Abstract: Quality monitoring of welded joints is still quite a tedious job for many industries. The surface defects on welded joints arises from the improper selection of various input parameters which further result bad quality weld. This paper highlight the application of a computer vision algorithm called discrete Fourier transformation approach for identification of surface defects present on TIG welded joints.
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Computational Biology Read article
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ML-Driven Defect Detection in Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites Using Thermal Imaging
Abstract: Polymer-based flexible biosensors have emerged as a pivotal technology in continuous health monitoring, yet their deployment in real-world settings is often hindered by undetected micro-defects and signal distortion caused during fabrication or usage. Existing diagnostic frameworks typically rely on post-hoc processing or bulky instrumentation, failing to offer scalable, real-time detection during additive manufacturing workflows. This study introduces an end-to-end, thermographic imaging-integrated framework for in-situ defect identification during the additive manufacturing …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 6, 2025 · pp. 201–215 Read article
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Investigating the Surface Defects and Structural Integrity of 3D Printed Hydrogen Storage Cylinders in UAV Applications
Abstract: This research explores the processing and manufacturing challenges of 3D printed polymer composites for high-pressure hydrogen storage in UAVs. The study focuses on addressing surface integrity and structural robustness issues inherent in additive manufacturing. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted on four thermoplastic polymer ABS, PET-G, HDPE, and Nylon to assess their mechanical performance under 35 MPa of pressure. Results revealed that PET-G and ABS provided better stress distribution and …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 3, 2025 · pp. 161–191 Read article
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Efficient Machine Defect Detection with Sugeno Fuzzy Membership and GRU Networks for Robust Industrial Automation
Abstract: Machine fault detection is of immense significance in industrial automation to achieve efficient operations, reduced downtime, and reduced economic losses. Sugeno fuzzy logic and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks are used in this research to provide a new hybrid solution that addresses problems such as noisy data, evolving defect patterns, and real-time detection. To improve readability and reliability, the Sugeno fuzzy logic unit preprocesses fuzzy and uncertain input data into …
Published in Journal of Mechatronics and Automation · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 17–26 Read article
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Autonomous Agentic AI for Adaptive Cure Optimization and Defect Prevention in Thermoset Polymer Composite Manufacturing
Abstract: Thermoset polymer composites occupy a central position in modern structural manufacturing, from aircraft fuselages to wind-turbine blades. Despite progress in resin chemistry and fiber architecture, the “cure process” that transforms compliant preforms into load-bearing structures remains difficult to manage. Manufacturers encounter ‘voids’, “interlaminar delaminations”, and “spring-back distortion” when curing complex or thick-section parts. The cause is not ignorance of the relevant physics, but rather that ‘temperature’, ‘chemistry’, ‘rheology’, and ‘mechanics’ …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 301–320 Read article
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Gypsum Addition in Moulding Sand to Manufacture Defect Free Tin Castings
Abstract: Sand molding is a versatile casting process that provides freedom of design with respect to size, shape, and product quality. Plaster casting is similar to sand molding process except that a plaster is substituted instead of sand. Plaster compound is composed of gypsum, which strengthens the mould. Parts made by this process are gears, valves, fittings, tooling, and ornaments. The finished product of plaster casting has a very high surface …
Published in International Journal of Fracture Mechanics and Damage Science · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 7–15 Read article
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Evaluating Fiber Volume Fraction and Defects in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for T Joint applications
Abstract: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been integral to industries such as aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, and automotive due to their strength, durability, lightweight, and corrosion resistance. This study examines the production and microstructural analysis of polymer composites using FRP and manual lamination methods. While manual lamination is quick and economical, it relies on operator skill, resulting in low mechanical properties. Microstructure analysis via 3D optical and scanning electron microscopes revealed that …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1222–1235 Read article
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AI-Assisted Defect Detection in Polymer Composite Insulators Using an Optimised Ensemble Deep Learning Framework for Structural Health Monitoring
Abstract: Polymer composite insulators, particularly those made from silicone rubber and epoxy resins, are increasingly adopted in high-voltage transmission systems due to their superior electrical insulation, lightweight design, hydrophobicity, and environmental durability. Despite their advantages, these materials are susceptible to surface degradation, mechanical cracking, and flashover under prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants, thermal stress, and electrical aging. Accurate, real-time condition assessment of these composite insulators is critical for ensuring operational safety, …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 6, 2025 · pp. 253–261 Read article
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Defect Diagnosis and Modelling for A Rotating Machine Running at A Steady Pace
Abstract: Rotary equipment, such as gears, shafts, pumps, and bearings, are widely used across various rotary machine in industries, often operating under different loading conditions. The fluctuations in loading can lead to fatigue failures in rotating components, significantly affecting machinery performance. To investigate the behavior of such rotating equipment under diverse operational scenarios, a numerical model has been created. This approach can replace costly and often challenging experimental methods. However, it …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 5, 2025 · pp. 154–164 Read article
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Inverse Model for Predicting Thermal Abnormality of the Transient Process Triggered by Defective Electronics Element
Abstract: The paper presents a model for predicting thermal abnormalities in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) by approximating the thermal process of electric elements with heating from point sources. Circuit board heat sources are defined as point and non-point. The point heat source is a small electronic heating element that can be approximated as having originated from one point on the circuit board. A non-point source is one with heat distributed over …
Published in International Journal of Energy and Thermal Applications · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 24–31 Read article
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Evaluation of Critical MMAW Welding Defects Using Computer Simulation in Industrial Manufacturing Systems
Abstract: Manufacturing is one of the key sectors of any countries GDP and welding is one of the prime manufacturing processes of the manufacturing sector. Welding has several notable advantages over mechanical joining techniques, including higher structural integrity, design flexibility, and cost and weight lowers. Welded products/structures are subjected to serious issues of residual stresses and distortions. The performance and sturdiness of the welded structures are severely impacted by weld remaining …
Published in International Journal of Industrial and Product Design Engineering · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 18–26 Read article