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80 articles for “Solid”
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Holistic integrated approach of designing a satellite town: Introducing theories of environmental parameters like pollution free, circular economy and sustainability
Abstract: Urban regions are quite challenging to restore the quality of environment at the global level as well as posing serious threat to climatic changes. This fact is demonstrated on the grounds that around 70% of the carbon footprint is contributed from the urban sector. The authors of the present study have attempted to design a satellite town of population 50,000, partly to dilute the population density of main urban town …
Published in International Journal of Architectural Design and Planning · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 24–41 Read article
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Applications of Nanotechnology in Advanced Cosmeceuticals
Abstract: Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of atoms and molecules on the nanoscale, which is approximately 80,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. By 2015, the global market for products incorporating nanomaterials is projected to reach $2.6 trillion. This field showcases significant progress in research and development by improving product performance and introducing innovative solutions.The usage of cosmetics has increased significantly throughout time, and they are thought …
Published in Recent Trends in Cosmetics · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 8–16 Read article
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Emerging Therapies for Diabetes Mellitus: Efficacy and Safety of USFDA-Approved Drugs and Late-Stage Clinical Trials
Abstract: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for managing diabetes mellitus (DM) from 2013 to 2022, including emerging treatments from phase 3 clinical trials during this period. Over the past decade, the treatment landscape for diabetes has evolved significantly, with new therapies not only improving blood sugar control but also targeting broader health outcomes like heart and kidney health. In …
Published in International Journal of Toxins and Toxics · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 11–23 Read article
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Revitalizing Urban Canyons Through Innovative Thermal Strategies
Abstract: Urban canyons, environments very densely made up of tall buildings clustered on narrow streets, are treacherous when it comes to considerable heat retention and greatly increase wind speeds. The resulting conditions fuel the Urban Heat Island effect. That means urban canyons feel very hot and this of course harms both comfort and health of those who dwell in them. This research tackles the serious issue of discomfort due to heat …
Published in International Journal of Urban Design and Development · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–11 Read article
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Effect of Architectural Components on User Experience
Abstract: “Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space” (Mies Van Der Rohe). The above given quote expresses the idea of how an epoch (The architect) plays a major role in how a space is designed. Similarly, this research looks at how the various architectural components affect the experience of the user. Different architectural styles introduced various elements, forms and components. The orientation of different components results in varied …
Published in International Journal of Architectural Design and Planning · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–18 Read article
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Pre-Procurement Electronic Waste Management Practices in Public Offices: The case of Hawassa City, Ethiopia
Abstract: Aim: This study aims to assess the electronic waste (e-waste) management practices in governmental offices in Hawassa City, Ethiopia, with a particular focus on the pre-procurement stages. The study seeks to identify how these offices handle e-waste and the challenges they encounter in managing it effectively. Study Design: A cross-sectional study design was used to gather and evaluate data on e-waste management practices in public offices.Place and Duration of Study: …
Published in International Journal of Environmental Noise and Pollution Control · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Flaws and Defects in Crystals
Abstract: Crystalline materials are defined by their long-range atomic order; however, no real crystal is completely free from imperfections. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of crystal defects and imperfections that occur in solid materials and their significant influence on material properties. Point defects, including vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional atoms, are examined alongside line defects such as edge and screw dislocations, as well as planar defects encompassing …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 1–15 Read article
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Recent Advancements and Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Materials, Systems, Applications, and Commercialization Prospects
Abstract: In the transportation, stationary electricity, and industrial sectors, hydrogen fuel cells have become a crucial clean-energy technology that can help achieve worldwide decarbonization. Significant progress has been made in catalyst design, membrane engineering, stack architecture, system optimization, and hydrogen generation pathways throughout the last ten years (2018–2025). Platinum group metal (PGM) loading has been significantly reduced, single-atom and transition-metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts for oxygen reduction have been developed (Wu et al., …
Published in International Journal of Electro-Mechanics and Material Behaviour · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 6–24 Read article
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Smart Ways to Manage Waste with AI and IOT: A Review
Abstract: Rapid urban growth and population have led to exponential growth in municipal solid waste over traditional inefficient waste management systems (collection / segregation / disposal). This paper reviews the convergence of Internet-of- Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), seen as two potential smart techniques to launch smarter waste management. The research reports important applications for AI and IoT in waste classification, waste collection optimization, waste-to-energy as well as smart bin …
Published in International Journal of Advanced Control and System Engineering · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 26–31 Read article
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Nanoformulation Strategies: Emerging Innovations in Drug Delivery Systems
Abstract: Nanotechnology is significantly advancing the pharmaceutical industry by introducing nanosystems that improve drug delivery, therapeutic efficacy, and patient outcomes. Various nanosystems-such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles-offer benefits like enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, improved stability, and reduced side effects. Innovative formulation strategies, including surface functionalization, particle size optimization, and use of biodegradable carriers, support controlled and sustained drug release. Additionally, production in non-aqueous …
Published in International Journal of Toxins and Toxics · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 54–67 Read article
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Use of Claim-evidence Reasoning Method in Schools to Enhance Women's Empowerment in Research
Abstract: In today's society, women are coming forward in all fields, their literacy rate has also increased significantly. However, just reading and writing literacy is not enough, science literacy is essential. Science literacy means understanding scientific concepts, theories and the thought process behind them and using them correctly in daily life. Unfortunately, even today, most women are found to have low science literacy. This deficiency affects their scientific outlook and limits …
Published in International Journal of Education Sciences · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 34–40 Read article
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Fast-Charging Techniques for Electric Vehicle Batteries
Abstract: EVs (Electric Vehicles) are becoming the popular mode of green transport, boosted by their efficiency, lower emission and technological vibrancy. But slow battery charging still poses one of the primary stumbling blocks to EV deployment. Conventional charging methods that take hours necessitate inconvenience and range- anxiety. To tackle this, scientists and companies are in a race to develop fast-changing technologies that can charge batteries within minutes without compromising safety. These …
Published in International Journal of Electrical and Communication Engineering Technology · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–8 Read article
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Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Complexes Tin(II) With 4-Nitrophenol
Abstract: Tin(II)4-nitrophenoxide complexes with the formulas SnCl(OC₆H₄NO₂-4) and Sn(OC₆H₄NO₂-4)₂ were prepared through the reaction of stannous chloride (SnCl₂) with 4-nitrophenol (HOC₆H₄NO₂-4) in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios, respectively. The reaction was performed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with diethylamine serving as the base. The resulting compounds were characterized through elemental analysis, determination of molecular weight, molar conductance measurements, and spectroscopic methods including IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Current investigations are directed toward assessing …
Published in International Journal of Advance in Molecular Engineering · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 22–26 Read article
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Early Life Nutrition as a Determinant of Long-Term Vaccine Immunogenicity in Livestock: Mechanisms, Practical Strategies, and Species-Specific Considerations
Abstract: Early life represents a critical period for immune system development in livestock, during which nutritional exposures can exert long lasting effects on vaccine immunogenicity. Although vaccination is a cornerstone of infectious disease control in food producing animals, marked variability in vaccine induced immune responses is frequently observed under commercial conditions. Growing evidence suggests that this variability is partly driven by differences in early nutritional status, which can influence immune maturation, …
Published in International Journal of Vaccines · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 15–26 Read article
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Investigation of Pollution Status in River No. 2, Freetown, Sierra Leone, Using Physicochemical and Bacterial Indicators
Abstract: This study assessed the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of surface water in the River No. 2 watershed, Sierra Leone, through monthly sampling from March–August 2024 at upstream, midstream, and downstream sites. Analyses included temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonia, fluoride, sulfite, nitrate, lead, arsenic, chromium, and microbial indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal and non-fecal coliforms). Most physicochemical parameters met WHO drinking-water guidelines. pH (7.0–7.3), TDS (7–17 mg/L), turbidity …
Published in International Journal of Pollution: Prevention & Control · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 11–27 Read article
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Climate Change Threat in Jaipur: Mitigating and Sustainable Attributes Through Carbon Footprint Reduction
Abstract: Challenges of climate change are significantly increasing on a forward time scale. Such a phenomenon is predominantly seen in urban sectors where population is rapidly increasing, thereby resulting in extensive resource consumption leading to release of significant carbon footprint. An attempt has been made in the present paper by the authors initially to assess the carbon footprint of Jaipur, Rajasthan on a backward and forward time scale partly to suggest …
Published in International Journal of Climate Conditions · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 35–50 Read article
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Design and simulation of Solar Powered Automated Dual Rotor Mechanism for Sugarcane Harvesting
Abstract: Sugarcane being the vast cultivated cash crop of India’s agricultural economy has undoubtedly one of the most difficult harvesting processes. The existing mechanisms to harvest sugarcane are costly and are not affordable by rural based farmers. In this project a novel design mechanism is suggested that would serve the purpose of harvesting with least manpower, being cost effective and serving the purpose of cutting, stripping, sorting and loading of the …
Published in International Journal of Robotics and Automation in Mechanics · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 Read article
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Pick and Place Drone using Primus X Flight Controller
Abstract: The development of an uncomplicated drone for pick-and-place tasks makes this project a superb beginner’s hands-on exercise. The drone is outfitted with an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, and barometric sensors which allows for controlled, stable flight. A Primus X flight controller powers the drone due to these features. The drone is sustained by a battery which drives four geared motor propellers. The gripper is designed in SolidWorks and cut using a …
Published in International Journal of Robotics and Automation in Mechanics · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 Read article
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Minerals: A Comprehensive Review of Classification, Properties, Formation, and Their Role in Modern Technology and Sustainability
Abstract: Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid elements with a definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystal structure. They are the building blocks of rocks. Minerals are the key to the development and progress of human civilization. They are used for the development of infrastructure, electronic gadgets, agriculture, and medicine. This research paper aims to present an exhaustive overview on the field of mineralogy, which includes the definition, classification, physical and …
Published in International Journal of Crystalline Materials · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 25–33 Read article
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Nanotechnology-Based Cosmeceuticals for Anti-Aging and Skin Regeneration
Abstract: Nanotechnology has transformed the cosmetic industry of the cosmeceuticals by allowing the production of sophisticated delivery systems that improve the stability, penetration, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of active ingredients in cosmetics. The present review identifies the value of nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals in anti-aging and skin regeneration, with special focus on the recent developments in nanocarrier technologies and their use in dermatology. Many nanocarriers have exhibited great potentials in enhancing delivery of …
Published in Recent Trends in Cosmetics · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 33–45 Read article