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727 articles for “Layer”
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Activating agents control the morphology of activated carbon materials from biomass
Abstract: The stems of the plant Calotropis gigantea (Cg) were were used as a feedstock for the activated carbon material. Carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and oxalate (Na 2 C 2 O 4 ) were used as chemical activating agents. The morphological features of the activated carbon materials were characterized using FEG-SEM. The morphology of the activated carbon materials is found to depend on the type of activating agent used. …
Published in Journal of Catalyst & Catalysis · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 27–38 Read article
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A Review on Additive Manufacturing Processes
Abstract: Additive manufacturing is a new and rapidly developing method in the business world. "Additive manufacturing process" refers to the process of creating products from layers of material. High speed printing or 3D printing is another name for this process. This manufacturing method uses no tools and can produce highly accurate products in less time. A rigid part can be formed and used in this way. Stereolithography (STL) files are created …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 13, Issue 3, 2025 · pp. 13–24 Read article
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Unraveling Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Lithium-Substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates via Dielectric Spectroscopy and EPR Analysis
Abstract: Lithium-substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates with varying concentrations of lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) — specifically 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 molar percentages — were successfully synthesized using a conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The resulting compounds follow the general chemical formula Rb₂₋ₓLiₓTi₄O₉. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that lithium ions were successfully incorporated into the crystal lattice without disrupting the fundamental layered structure of the host material. The crystal system remained monoclinic across …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 19–29 Read article
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Investigation to Enhance Performance of Finned U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Using Epoxy Based Polymer Composite Material
Abstract: Shell-and-tube heat exchangers remain indispensable in thermal engineering systems; however, conventional metallic configurations often face challenges related to corrosion, weight, and limited thermal optimization. In this study, a novel approach is proposed by integrating epoxy-based polymer composite materials with finned U-tube geometries to enhance thermo-hydraulic performance while addressing material limitations of traditional systems. The work focuses on the development and evaluation of a hybrid heat exchanger comprising a mild steel …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 618–633 Read article
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In-Situ Polymerized GO/PANI Composites: Structural Evolution, Optical Modulation, and NH₃ Sensing at Room Temperature
Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO)/polyaniline (PANI) composites with varying PANI contents (20, 40, and 60 wt%) were synthesized via in-situ oxidative polymerization and systematically investigated for their structural, morphological, optical, and gas-sensing properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a progressive increase in interlayer spacing and partial exfoliation of GO layers with increasing PANI content, indicating intercalation-assisted hybridization. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the characteristic vibrational bands of both constituents and confirmed strong …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2026 · pp. 509–525 Read article
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Investigation of Robotic Transverse Twin-Wire GMAW for Large-Scale Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Applications
Abstract: Bulk metal additive manufacturing using wire-arc processes has gained significant attention for fabricating large-scale engineering components due to their high deposition rate and material efficiency. In this study, the feasibility and performance of robotic transverse twin-wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for bulk wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is systematically assessed. The research focuses on understanding arc stability, weld bead characteristics, and process–product relationships under high-deposition conditions. Welding current signals from …
Published in International Journal of Robotics and Automation in Mechanics · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 36–50 Read article
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From Scripts to Systems: Advances and Architectures in Shell Programming
Abstract: Shell programming has grown far beyond simple command-line scripting to become an essential layer for orchestrating complicated systems and automating modern development pipelines. This article covers recent developments that are changing the function of the shell, including more expressive scripting, better error handling and debugging, and tighter integration with containerization and cloud-native systems. It shows how modern shells and accompanying tools are empowering developers to design scalable, maintainable, and portable …
Published in Journal of Advances in Shell Programming · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 29–47 Read article
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Design and Analysis of Vortex Tube
Abstract: AbstractNowadays refrigeration plays a vital role in our day to day life for the preservation of food, medicine, and air conditioning. In the current situation conventional refrigeration system most of the time uses freon as a refrigerant. Which is mainly responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer and hence it indirectly affects the health of the human being. To overcome all these difficulties vortex tube can be used as …
Published in Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications · Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 30–36 Read article
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Twisted Tape Insert Effect on Heat Transfer Enhancement Placed in Smooth Tube: A Review
Abstract: Today heat exchangers are commonly used with twisted-tape inserts to improve convectiveheat transfer in various industries such as thermal power plants, chemical processing plants,air conditioning equipment, refrigerators, petrochemical, biomedical, and food processingplants. By using the twisted tape patch, the fluid flow swirls together, interrupting a thermalboundary layer on the surface of the pipeline. Heat exchanger thermal efficiency can beenhanced by heat transfer increase techniques. Tape insert is one of the …
Published in Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2020 · pp. 25–28 Read article
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Multiband Antenna Designing using Proximity Coupled Technique
Abstract: AbstractIn this paper, author proposed a multiband antenna a circular patch and proximity coupled feeding technique. This feeding technique not only showed good result, it made the antenna multiband as well. Author fabricated this antenna to compare it with simulation result and found that fabrication results are also promising. This simulated antenna is a miniaturized four-band antenna which has the capability to operate at four distinguished frequencies. This proposed design …
Published in Current Trends in Signal Processing · Vol. 8, Issue 3, 2018 · pp. 13–17 Read article
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Principal Component Analysis Based Dominant Features Selection Method for Speaker Identification
Abstract: Cepstrum based features are mostly used in speaker identification. Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) and their statistical properties (skewness, kurtosis and standard deviation) are used in this paper for text-dependent speaker identification. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to select the dominant feature vector representing the speaker characteristics. Multi-layer neural network is used as the classification engine. There occurs the inter-speaker variation of speech length uttering the same word. The feature …
Published in Current Trends in Signal Processing · Vol. 1, Issue 1-3, 2025 · pp. 33–45 Read article
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The theoretical study of behavior of the gas bubble, fixed on the surface of a solid material, under simultaneous changes of the surface tension on the border section of the phases of the fluid-gas and contact angle
Abstract: In the practice of ore and particular coal flotation, the injection of oils (nonpolar reagents) into the flotation pulp intensifies the process of the flotation, separation of the particles of different minerals, and contributes of extraction into the foam product considerably of the larger and heavier particles, no floating before. However, conducted studies to present time do not permit to explain significant strengthening of contact between the bubble and the …
Published in Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 17–28 Read article
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE
Abstract: The consumption of fossil fuels has gone up to such a high level that problems like global warming, ozone layer depletion has become a prominent issue of concern .In order to protect the environment, harnessing of renewable energy is important. Having this overview in our mind, we designed and developed a model of a compressed air engine. This model utilizes the energy of compressed air to do mechanical work. To …
Published in Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 40–47 Read article
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AUTOSAR 4.0 based ECU State Manager Module Design and Development for Automotive Platform Software
Abstract: As the number of vehicles is increasing day by day, the safety and infotainment requirements associated with vehicles are also become complex. Hence, the count of ECU used in vehicles, in order to satisfy these requirements are growing enormously. As a result complexity increases and it will affect the safety requirements. The complexity of ECU can be reduced to a great extent by using a standardized architecture. Hence, AUTOSAR (AUTomotive …
Published in Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications · Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2015 · pp. 63–72 Read article
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Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates with Circular and Non-Circular Cutouts using FEM
Abstract: This paper presents the free vibration analysis of a composite laminated plate with circular and non-circular cutouts, using finite element method (FEM). A number of examples concerning different aspect ratios, different thickness ratios, different values of material properties, different size of cutouts, different number of layers and different boundary conditions are considered. Convergence study has been carried out by comparing the results obtained to the numerical results available in the …
Published in Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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Advancing Light Emission: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Electroluminescence Material Developments
Abstract: This paper explores the remarkable strides made in the field of electroluminescence and their profound impact on luminescence research. The emission of light because of excitation is known as luminescence. Electroluminescence, a specific form of luminescence triggered by an electric field, has emerged as a promising area of investigation. The underlying principles of luminescence and the intricate mechanisms driving electroluminescence have been examined. Furthermore, recent breakthroughs in electroluminescent materials, device …
Published in Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 8–16 Read article
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Review on Design and Experiment Analysis of Two Cell Stack Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Abstract: Design and experimental analysis of two cell stack PEM fuel cell with curvilinear flow field plate is done for doing comparison with single cell PEM fuel cell with serpentine flow field pattern to see the changes in output based on design of flow field and by increasing the active area. Following review is specially done on two cell stack PEM fuel cell in which the active area is 25 cm2; …
Published in Journal of Catalyst & Catalysis · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 15–24 Read article
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Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Ferrocement
Abstract: AbstractFerrocement construction technology is quite popular throughout the world. Ferrocement as thin material can be used as building components as well as a repair material. Ferrocement composite consists of cement-sand mortar with wire mesh to produce elements of small thickness having high durability, resilience and when properly shaped, it has high strength and rigidity. Ferrocement differs from conventional reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete primarily on the basis of nature, placing …
Published in Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology & Management · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2017 · pp. 25–29 Read article
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Prediction of shear strength of reinforced concrete beams using Artificial Neural Network and evaluated by Finite Element Software
Abstract: ABSTRACTIn this paper, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Framework (ANFIS) are utilized to foresee the shear quality of Reinforced Concrete (RC) shafts, and the models are contrasted and American Concrete Institute (ACI) and Iranian Concrete Institute (ICI) observational codes. The ANN display, with Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), utilizing a Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm, is utilizedto foresee the shear quality of RC pillars. Six vital parameters are chosen …
Published in Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology & Management · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 34–42 Read article
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Optimization of Roof angle for Sloping Roof Buildings under Extreme Wind Conditions
Abstract: A downburst that occurs during a thunderstorm is a strong downward current of wind which comes down with high speed from the cloud level and hits the ground. After hitting the ground it spreads radially outward in all directions. These are generally destructive in nature. There are evidences of downburst causing extensive damages to buildings, electrical installations etc. In India thunderstorms often occur during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons particularly in …
Published in Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology & Management · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 1–5 Read article