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Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology Review Article

Anaphylaxis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management

  1. P.C Kathuria Department of Chest and Allergy, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi
  2. Manisha Rai Department of Allergy, National Allergy Centre, New Delhi

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a syndrome characterized by broncho-constriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia, potentially fatal exposure to known or unknown antigens. It can be an immune-mediated (IgE & non-IgE) disease. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), complement related (C3a/C5a), bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, and ligands of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) can directly activate mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, endothelial cells and smooth muscles. Serum tryptase level during episodes of anaphylaxis, skin test, and basophil activation test (BAT) improve the efficacy of IgE and non-IgE mediated diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Patients at high risk are more prone to experiencing anaphylaxis. However, there are no definitive contraindications against using intramuscular epinephrine to treat this condition. Self-management by the patient using an emergency action plan is an important key to administering EAI (EpiPen Auto Injector). This review will highlight the current recommendation, diagnosis, and management protocol of anaphylaxis.

Keywords

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