STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Journal of Power Electronics and Power Systems Original Research

Hydrogen Storage System for Household Installation

  1. Carlos Armenta-Déu Department of Matter Structure, Thermal Physics and Electronics, Complutense University of Madrid

Abstract

In this work, we study domestic renewable energy installations using compressed gaseous hydrogen as a storage system. The article analyzes the suitability and feasibility of this installation type considering energy, technical, and security aspects. The proposed configuration represents an alternative to the classical storage energy system in batteries, reducing dependence on grid supply for a negative balance of self-power generation to energy consumption. The hydrogen storage system is valid for any household installation, provided a specific safe place is available. Compressed hydrogen reduces the tank size but increases the risk of explosion, thus forcing us to reinforce the security measurements. The simulation run for an installation prototype shows that a hydrogen tank of 150 liters operating in the range from 0 to 70 bars, stores enough energy to maintain a null dependence on the energy grid. The system shows the advantage of having a flexible energy storage capacity, which adjusts through the tank pressure. The energy storage capacity range depends on the tank pressure tolerance, which depends on the tank material. The simulated system operates within a 25% extra capacity range, higher than any battery storage system.

Keywords

References (39)

  1. Luthander R, Widén J, Nilsson D, Palm J. Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings: A review. Applied Energy. 2015;142:80-94. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.028
  2. Wegertseder P, Lund P, Mikkola J, García Alvarado R. Combining solar resource mapping and energy system integration methods for realistic valuation of urban solar energy potential. Solar Energy. 2016;135:325-336. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.05.061
  3. Ciocia A, Amato A, Di Leo P, Fichera S, Malgaroli G, Spertino F, et al. Self-Consumption and Self-Sufficiency in Photovoltaic Systems: Effect of Grid Limitation and Storage Installation. Energies. 2021;14(6):1591. doi:10.3390/en14061591
  4. Mulder G, Ridder FD, Six D. Electricity storage for grid-connected household dwellings with PV panels. Solar Energy. 2010;84(7):1284-1293. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.005
  5. Mishra PP, Latif A, Emmanuel M, Shi Y, McKenna K, Smith K, et al. Analysis of degradation in residential battery energy storage systems for rate-based use-cases. Applied Energy. 2020;264:114632. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114632
  6. Wang S, Guo D, Han X, Lu L, Sun K, Li W, et al. Impact of battery degradation models on energy management of a grid-connected DC microgrid. Energy. 2020;207:118228. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118228
  7. Podder A. (2021). Batteries for Affordable Housing: Key Trends, Barriers, and Opportunities. [online] BatteryBits Editors. Medium. Available from: https://medium.com/batterybits/batteries-for-affordable-housing-f9073f0fdee3.
  8. Ardani K. (2017). How Much Does a Rooftop Solar System With Batteries Cost? [online] Greentechmedia.com. Available from: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/How-Much-Does-a-Rooftop-Solar-System-With-Batteries-Cost
  9. Endesa (2023). Virtual battery and solar self-consumption. [online] Endesa. Available from: https://www.endesa.com/en/blogs/endesa-s-blog/light/virtual-battery-solar-self-consumption.
  10. Liu J, Hu H, Yu SS, Trinh H. Virtual Power Plant with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Power Grid-Formation, Control Techniques and Demand Response. Energies. 2023;16(9):3705. doi:10.3390/en16093705
  11. Energy Nordic. (2023). What is virtual battery - Energy Nordic. [online] Energy Nordic. Available from: https://energynordic.com/solar-energy/what-is-virtual-solar-battery/
  12. European Commission. Best practices on renewable energy self-consumption [Internet]. Brussels: Commission Staff Working Document; 2015 Jul 15. Report No.: SWD(2015) 141 final. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015SC0141
  13. Ge P, Hu Q, Wu Q, Dou X, Wu Z, Ding Y. Increasing operational flexibility of integrated energy systems by introducing power to hydrogen. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2020;14(3):372-380. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0663
  14. Hwang HT, Varma A. Hydrogen storage for fuel cell vehicles. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2014;5:42-48. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2014.04.004
  15. Muthukumar P, Kumar A, Afzal M, Bhogilla S, Sharma P, Parida A, et al. Review on large-scale hydrogen storage systems for better sustainability. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023.
  16. Blain L. (2021). World-first home hydrogen battery stores 3x the energy of a Powerwall 2. [online] New Atlas. Available from: https://newatlas.com/energy/lavo-home-hydrogen-battery-storage/
  17. Enhkardt S. (2021). World-first home hydrogen battery stores 3x the energy of a Powerwall 2. [online] New Atlas. Available from: https://newatlas.com/energy/lavo-home-hydrogen-battery-storage/
  18. Hollmuller P. Evaluation of a 5 kWp photovoltaic hydrogen production and storage installation for a residential home in Switzerland. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2000;25(2):97-109. doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(99)00015-4
  19. Navas SJ, Cabello González GM, Pino FJ. Hybrid power-heat microgrid solution using hydrogen as an energy vector for residential houses in Spain. A case study. Energy Conversion and Management. 2022;263:115724. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115724
  20. Aneke M, Wang M. Energy storage technologies and real life applications – A state of the art review. Applied Energy. 2016;179:350-377. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.097
  21. Green DW, Perry RH, editors. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
  22. Azizan MT, Aqsha A, Ameen M, Syuhada A, Klaus H, Abidin SZ, et al. Catalytic reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons for the hydrogen production: an outlook. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020;13(10):8441-8464. doi:10.1007/s13399-020-01081-6
  23. Brown LL. Van Nostrand’s encyclopedia of chemistry. Am J Pharm Educ. 2005;562:1–5.
  24. Al Oweidi KF, Jamshed W, Goud BS, Ullah I, Usman, Mohamed Isa SSP, El Din SM, Guedri K, Jaleel RA. Partial differential equations modeling of thermal transportation in Casson nanofluid flow with Arrhenius activation energy and irreversibility processes. Sci Rep. 2022;12:20597. doi:10.1038/s41598-022. PubMed: 36446992.
  25. Bourges B, editor. Climatic data handbook for Europe. Climatic data for the design of solar energy systems. Commission of the European Communities. DG XII. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr 30.
  26. Armenta-Déu C, Arenas J. Efficiency improvement in aerothermal household heating systems. J Refrig Air Cond Heat Vent. 2023;10(3):1–15.
  27. Duffie JA, Beckman WA. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. 4th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
  28. Azzurro ZCS. (2024). 1PH 3000TLM-V1/1PH 6000TLM-V1 – Plus series single-phase chain inverter [online]. Available from: https://www.zcsazzurro.com/inverter/azzurro-single-phase-string-inverter-plus-series-1ph-3000tlm-v1-1ph-6000tlm-v1
  29. (2024). Multiplus C12-3000-80 inverter/charger [online]. Available from: https://www.victronenergy.com/inverters-chargers/multiplus-12v-24v-48v-800va-3kva.
  30. Ziegler MS, Trancik JE. Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline. Energy & Environmental Science. 2021;14(4):1635-1651. doi:10.1039/d0ee02681f
  31. Renardson A. (2024). A Guide To Air Compressor Efficiency. Air Supply. [online] Air Supply UK. Available from: https://www.airsupply.co.uk/blogs/a-guide-to-air-compressor-efficiency-how-to-calculate-and-maximise-efficiency/
  32. Usman MR. Hydrogen storage methods: Review and current status. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2022;167:112743. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112743
  33. Eberle U, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Chemical and Physical Solutions for Hydrogen Storage. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2009;48(36):6608-6630. doi:10.1002/anie.200806293
  34. Z�ttel A. Hydrogen storage methods. Naturwissenschaften. 2004;91(4):157-172. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0516-x
  35. Hirose K. Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2010
  36. (2024). Hydrogen safety checklist [online]. Available from: https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/HydrogenSafetyChecklist.pdf.
  37. Li H, Cao X, Liu Y, Shao Y, Nan Z, Teng L, et al. Safety of hydrogen storage and transportation: An overview on mechanisms, techniques, and challenges. Energy Reports. 2022;8:6258-6269. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.067
  38. Moradi R, Groth KM. Hydrogen storage and delivery: Review of the state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2019;44(23):12254-12269. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.041
  39. Barthelemy H, Weber M, Barbier F. Hydrogen storage: Recent improvements and industrial perspectives. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(11):7254-7262. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.178
Support