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348 articles for “external”
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Biomechanical comparison of Schanz screws placement modes-how can stability by external fixation be raised?
Abstract: AbstractBackground: At present, external fixators are being used widely in open fractures of the long bones and also accepted as a temporary skeletal stabilization even in closed fractures. Therefore, it is essential to increase the stability which is provided by those devices for good outcomes. We hypothesized prior to the study that the greater is the distance between the Schanz screws inserted in each fracture fragment, the higher is the …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 25–33 Read article
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3D-Finite Element Analysis of External Fixation in Radial Shaft Fractures
Abstract: Background: Small external fixators are used mainly for fractures of the distal radius and forearm as well as for fractures in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate biomechanical properties of external fixation in radial shaft fractures under loads including AP (anterior-posterior) bending, torsion and axial compression. Method: Biomechanical analysis was performed using 3D geometrical and FEM (Finite Element Method) models of the radial shaft fractures …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 8–24 Read article
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Repair of multiple peripheral nerve injuries in the arm; temporary bone shortening using the external fixator followed by physiologic length restoration
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the outcome for multiple peripheral nerve injuries with large defect by end to end repair of proximal and distal nerve stumps while ensuring the physiologic length of the bone by an external fixator. Methods: Fractured humeral proximal and distal stumps were overlapped as many length as the nerve gap and fixed using the external fixator, and the proximal and distal nerve …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 10, Issue 3, 2021 · pp. 32–38 Read article
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Safe zones for external fixation in the tibia: A cadaveric study
Abstract: AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the neurovascular structures and the tibia, by measuring the distances from the tibia to the surrounding neurovascular structures and angles at which the neurovascular structures course around the tibia. Materials and Methods: Ten fresh adult cadavers(5 men, 5 women), which had been donated to the Human anatomy department, were obtained within 72h of death, providing 20 lower extremity …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 16–20 Read article
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Internal and External Factors Impacting Construction Labour Productivity for Glazing of Doors and Windows
Abstract: The efficiency of glazing installation during building construction is impacted by internal and external factors, which affect labour productivity. External factors are exogenous to the construction sites but have an overarching influence on the productivity of site operations, while internal factors emanate from the construction firms and their site operations. This study examines the internal and external factors impacting construction labour productivity for the glazing of doors and windows, using …
Published in Journal of Production Research & Management · Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 1–8 Read article
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Interfacial Bonding and Performance of Polymer-Based CFRP Composites in Externally Applied Configurations
Abstract: Polymer-based carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used for externally bonded strengthening and retrofitting applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and adaptability to existing structures. In such systems, overall performance is governed not only by the fiber–matrix interaction within the laminate, but more critically by the polymer adhesive layer and its interaction with the substrate. Polymer chemistry, interfacial bonding mechanisms, processing conditions, and environmental exposure collectively influence …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 952–966 Read article
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Continuity Plates in the Connections of I-Beam to Box Column have been Replaced with Novel External Stiffener
Abstract: This paper addresses the implementation difficulties of continuity plates inside of box-column, where the I beam is connected by a novel design. In this design, there is no continuity plate inside the box-column. At the end of the beam, where it should be connected to the column, its flanges are symmetrically cut and connected to the beam with two divergent plates as external stiffeners which can distinguishably be noted a …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 19–26 Read article
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Experimentation and two-dimensional fluid flow simulation through external gear pump
Abstract: The investigation aims to perform the experimentation on the existing set up of the gear pump test rig and its simulation. In the first part of study, the different parameters are set and observed. Using these values calculations are performed to get the other experimental results. In the second part, two-dimensional fluid flow simulation was done flowing through the external gear pump and compares its flow rate and thus efficiency …
Published in Recent Trends in Fluid Mechanics · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2020 · pp. 15–23 Read article
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Performance Assessment of External Source-Driven Binary Vapor Cycles with Ammonia-Water and Trans-critical CO2: The Impact of Reheating and Pressure Variations
Abstract: This paper investigates the thermodynamic performance of binary vapor cycles, focusing on two working fluid combinations—ammonia-water mixtures and trans-critical carbon dioxide (CO2). The analysis evaluates how system performance is influenced by incorporating reheating processes and varying operating pressures, which are key parameters in optimizing cycle efficiency and energy recovery. By leveraging external heat sources and exploring these configurations, the research aims to provide insights into improving the efficiency of industrial …
Published in Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 23–29 Read article
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Performance Assessment of External Source-Driven Binary Vapor Cycles with Ammonia-Water and Trans-Critical CO2: The Impact of Reheating and Pressure Variations
Abstract: This study examines the thermodynamic performance of binary vapor cycles, specifically analysing two working fluid combinations: ammonia-water mixtures and trans-critical carbon dioxide (CO2). The study aims to evaluate their efficiency, applicability, and potential for improving energy conversion systems in various thermal applications. The analysis investigates how incorporating reheating processes and adjusting operating pressures impact system performance. These two parameters play a critical role in enhancing cycle efficiency and maximizing energy …
Published in Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 42–49 Read article
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External Loan: One Step Forward, Many Step Backward for Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria
Abstract: The paper focuses attention on the negative impact of external loan on the Nigerian socio-economic development. The desire for rapid socio-economic development at independence forced the leaders of the first republic to collect one form of loan or the other in order to improve the nation’s infrastructure. In the 1970’s the oil boom re-positioned Nigeria as one of the rich and potential countries destined for rapid socio-economic development. Unfortunately, the …
Published in Journal of Production Research & Management · Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2014 · pp. 15–22 Read article
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Heat Transfer Analysis Through External Fins by CFD Tool
Abstract: The natural convection heat transfer from the heated vertical plates to air can be enhanced with the amendment in the shape of the plates. One of the methods for increasing the heat transfer is by the use of extended surfaces such as external fins. This study includes the CFD analysis of the heat transfer enhancement through different fins having various shapes and sizes considering both conductive and nonconductive fins. The …
Published in Recent Trends in Fluid Mechanics · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2022 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Treatment Planning Techniques in External Beam Photon Radiation Therapy
Abstract: Volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) is a modern treatment technique in radiation therapy, and it delivers conformal radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to the normal tissues. The beam delivery is done in the form of one or multiple arcs, with gantry rotating around the treatment isocenter. A number of literature suggests that VMAT could be an attractive option to treat prostate cancer. However, there is no consensus …
Published in Research and Reviews: Journal of Oncology and Hematology · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2014 · pp. 20–22 Read article
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Hemorrhoids (Bawaseer) in Unani System of Medicine: A Review
Abstract: Hemorrhoids are one of the most common anorectal disorders encountered in the general population as well as in clinical practice. The term “Hemorrhoid” was most likely first used by Hippocrates (Buqrat) to explain the bleeding from the veins of the anus. It is derived from two Greek words “haima" means blood, “rhoos" means flowing. Bawaseer are dilated veins occurring in relation to the anal canal. In normal population the disease …
Published in Research and Reviews : Journal of Surgery · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 12–23 Read article
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Transforming Hospital Environments: The Role of Sound Detection
Abstract: Hospitals are sanctuaries of healing, yet they are often paradoxically exposed to a pervasive, often underestimated threat: excessive noise. While internal hospital sounds pose their own challenges, the impact of external sounds – traffic, construction, sirens, and urban clamor – can profoundly compromise patient safety, recovery, and overall well-being. This article explores the critical role of advanced sound detection systems in mitigating this external acoustic intrusion, leveraging technology to create …
Published in International Journal of Electrical and Communication Engineering Technology · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 28–40 Read article
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Measurement of Defects in Car Bearings and Its Effect on Ultrasonic Waves
Abstract: As one of the defects of roller bearings due to intermittent coupling forces and external impact loads,surface cracks due to corrosion or wear may have many defects for rotating machines. Surfacecracking on the bearing or its ball is one of the important factors in the efficiency of the bearing andits opening. It is useful to study these cracks and identify the type and size of these cracks for bearingsused in …
Published in Trends in Mechanical Engineering & Technology · Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 44–49 Read article
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Design of Disturbance Observer for Third- Order Interval Plants
Abstract: This paper outlines the development of a disturbance observer (DOB) specifically tailored for third-order interval plants, which are distinguished by uncertainties in their parameters. Utilizing an interval-based modeling approach, this design effectively captures variations in system dynamics, providing robust control solutions for plants with parameter uncertainties. The key focus is creating a disturbance observer capable of real-time estimation and compensation for external disturbances and model uncertainties. The proposed DOB is …
Published in Trends in Electrical Engineering · Vol. 14, Issue 3, 2024 Read article
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Brief Review of Fault Detection and Classification in Induction Motor
Abstract: Induction motors are operating as the support system for each industry. But like every different machine, due to serious duty cycles, poor operating atmosphere, installation and manufacturing factors, they gradually slow down or sometimes fail. That is why, diagnosis methods that are competent to sense the motor failures are necessary in order to increase the safety and the performances of with increasing needs for reliability and efficiency, the field of …
Published in Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Performance Investigation on Fault Analysis in Power Transformer using Modified Fuzzy Controller
Abstract: This article presents the fault analysis and differential protection scheme of the three phase Power Transformers (PT). The proposed and designed relay operates mainly during the internal fault condition and it must be insensitive to any fault outside the zone of protection. In this paper, a designed and modified fuzzy logic controller based differential protection schemes have been used to product the system. The external and internal fault condition is …
Published in Journal of Power Electronics and Power Systems · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 32–43 Read article
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Unmasking Hallucinations in Large Language Models Using Analysis of the LLAMA 2 Model and RAG Intervention
Abstract: The study describes the creation of a chatbot for financial trading called "TradeBot" and how it uses Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to overcome the problem of producing false or unverifiable information, sometimes known as hallucinations. RAG allows the chatbot to refer to an external data source in addition to its taught knowledge, which increases the accuracy of its responses. The NCFM (NSE's Certification in Financial Markets) book was integrated as …
Published in Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research & Advances · Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 76–86 Read article