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15 articles for “data link layer”
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Ring Protocol Improvising the Existing Data Link Layer Protocols
Abstract: AbstractRing protocol is an algorithm to improve upon the performance of existing data link layer protocols like Selective Repeat ARQ by reducing the number of acknowledgements and at the same time, reducing the number of retransmissions. A data structure with a ring whose size can be dynamically altered acts as the cornerstone for this algorithm.Keywords: Protocol, computer networks, data link layer, noisy channel, Wi-FiCite this ArticlePrajit TR, Sarala SM. Ring …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 1–5 Read article
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A Survey on Various Layers of Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract: A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of one or more sinks and large number of sensor nodes scattered in an area. WSNs have a tremendous potential to improve the efficiency of many systems, for instance, in building automation, Military applications, environment monitoring and process control. Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, self-organizational, multifunctional wireless sensor networks. WSNs have some problems to be …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 1–9 Read article
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Securities Control in Ad Hoc Network on Scatternet
Abstract: This study presents and evaluates an ad hoc network formatting algorithm. The algorithm is discussed to feature the specifications of Bluetooth under a designed purpose, a limited range device with a host and numbers of connected devices wirelessly. There are many research and analyses done till today’s date for the selection of secured devices. Proposed solutions have been evaluated utilizing the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). Nowadays, Bluetooth is …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 24–29 Read article
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Practical Implementation of Network Switch on FPGA
Abstract: AbstractA network switch is a hardware device, which is used for device communication within a network. It uses a packet-switching mechanism to receive and transmit data to the target device. Network switches contain multiple ports that use media access control (MAC) address for transmitting data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. This research aims to design a network switch on FPGA to …
Published in Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 14–19 Read article
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Intelligent Paradigms in Subsea Connectivity: A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence in Underwater Communications
Abstract: Underwater wireless communication (UWC) plays a critical role in ocean exploration, environmental monitoring, offshore energy operations, disaster management, and naval defense. However, the underwater environment presents significant communication challenges, including severe signal attenuation, multipath propagation, Doppler effects, limited bandwidth, high latency, and energy constraints. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have emerged as promising solutions to address these limitations and enhance the efficiency, reliability, and adaptability …
Published in Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research & Advances · Vol. 13, Issue 3, 2025 Read article
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PoE Standards: A Guide to Powering Your Network Devices
Abstract: We summarize in our article about Power over Ethernet and the job of Power over Ethernet (PoE). PoE is a growing industry standard for powering devices that require both a data connection and power using the standard Ethernet cabling. The IEEE 802.3at and 802.3bt specifications permit the layering of up to 90 watts of electricity per network link onto already-installed or future Ethernet cable networks in a secure and reliable …
Published in Research & Reviews: A Journal of Embedded System & Applications · Vol. 10, Issue 3, 2022 · pp. 28–34 Read article
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Power and Congestion Control for M.A.N.E.T using Cross-Layer Design for Future Technology
Abstract: AbstractRouting in M.A.N.E.T is challenging due to its navigation feature. The main causes of link failure are mobility, interference, and congestion. Mobility means that each node is free to move within its transport range. Interference occurs due to collision and hidden node. A hidden node means two nodes outside the radio range of each, simultaneously try to transfer data to an intermediate node, which lies in the radio range of …
Published in Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Energy Aware Routing and Congestion Control Algorithm in MANET Using Cross Layer Method
Abstract: AbstractIn a mobile ad hoc network, the mobility of a node is fickle. The mobility is well thought-out as distinctiveness of a wireless set of connections. In addition, the vigor frontier of the nodes must also be taken into selflessness of the when crafty routing protocols. This is a vital issue since energy utilization reduces the wireless set-up relationship lifetime. In mobile, link packets are time and again added momentous …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 16–19 Read article
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ESP32 Web Gateway: Bridging Devices for Seamless Interconnectivity in IoT
Abstract: A gateway functions as a conduit linking two networks, which may utilize different networking models. In its role as an intermediary, it receives data from one system, interprets it, and then transmits it to another system. Gateways, also referred to as protocol devices, have the capability to operate at various network layers and typically possess greater complexity compared to switches or routers. This project aims to revolutionize data communication in …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Multi-factor Fused Lightpath QoT Prediction for Optical Networks: A Multiple Reservoir Analysis Strategy
Abstract: Investigating the channel quality of transmission (QoT) in-depth is crucial for responsive and instant transparent optical network management. However, current lightpath QoT predictions are devoted to univariate modeling. Due to the QoT metrics complicated time-varying process and the existing effects of inter-channel factors, despite the use of an advanced and efficient echo state network (ESN), it is difficult to obtain ideal results in univariate prediction mode. Thus, this paper considers …
Published in Trends in Opto-electro & Optical Communication · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 28–34 Read article
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A Survey on Security and Layered View in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
Abstract: VANET is the wireless network in which communication takes place through wireless links mounted on each hub (vehicle). Each hub within VANET act as both, the participant and router of the network as the nodes communicates through other intermediate hub that lies within their own transmission range. The key highlights of VANET are infrastructure-less, self-configuring, self-forming, self-healing network. The hubs are static, network is associated which exist end-to-end path for …
Published in Journal of Multimedia Technology & Recent Advancements · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 9–16 Read article
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Regional Rice Yield Estimation by Integration of Spatial Technologies and Crop model
Abstract: This study investigates how spatial technologies like remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information System) integrated with a crop growth model to estimate paddy rice yields. Two approaches were used to estimate rice yield one is from remote sensing images and another from soil, climate layers of GIS, linked to the crop model. Oryza2000 model was used as a crop model to link with these technologies. Results show that yield estimated …
Published in Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2013 · pp. 56–66 Read article
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Timely Diabetes Possibility Prediction Using AI Techniques
Abstract: The fastest chronic life-threatening disease affecting more than 422 million people globally is diabetes. The primary causes of type 2 diabetes are lifestyle choices and environmental factors. It is a slowgrowing disease which starts to develop metabolic factors long before they evolve into a disease and is formally diagnosed by a fasting sugar test. There are records of indications related to diabetes from 520 patients in the dataset that was …
Published in Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research & Advances · Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 37–47 Read article
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EMOTION RECOGNITION FROM ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM SIGNAL AND EYE MOVEMENT BASED ON DEEP LEARNING
Abstract: Emotion recognition from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals has gained significant attention due to its potential in human- computer interaction (HCI), mental health monitoring, and personalized content delivery. This paper presents the use of Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, neutral, and disgust by leveraging a fusion of EEG signals and eye movements data. Compared to conventional methods of emotion detection, such as those that rely …
Published in International Journal of Optical Innovations & Research · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 8–15 Read article
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Digital Twin Assisted Intelligent Prediction of Polymer Composite Degradation Under Environmental Exposure
Abstract: Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) deployed in aerospace, marine, automotive, and renewable-energy structures are continuously subjected to coupled environmental stressors — ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture ingress, thermal cycling, and mechanical loading — that progressively degrade their mechanical performance. Conventional accelerated ageing tests and empirical lifetime models are time-consuming, destructive, and poorly suited to in-service, asset-specific degradation forecasting. This paper proposes a Digital Twin (DT) assisted intelligent prediction framework that fuses a …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2026 Read article