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48 articles for “Beam forming”
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A New Effective MUSIC Algorithm for Direction of Arrival Estimation and Combining It with Beam Forming in Smart Antenna Systems
Abstract: ABSTRACT Smart antenna is now commonly used in communication systems due to its high advantages. Two important functions in smart antenna are direction of arrival estimation and beam forming. The main aim of direction of arrival estimation in smart antenna is to estimate the direction of the signal and based on this angle the beam forming will identify the exact position and phase angle of the antenna. Here we proposed …
Published in Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2012 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Optimization of Hybrid Precoding in Massive MIMO using Kalman’s Algorithm
Abstract: The ever-growing demand in the market for the high data rate and high spectral efficiency increases the need to use the available band ofspectrum more efficiently. The future is dependent on using the frequency bands more efficiently. The most recent and trending 5G technologyuses the mm Wave band for its transmission. This band in the 60 GHz frequency uses MIMO systems along with many other leadingtechnologies or methodologies like hybrid …
Published in Recent Trends in Electronics Communication Systems · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 7–19 Read article
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BER Performance Analysis of MIMO With and Without Beamforming and Relaying Techniques
Abstract: The exponential surge in data traffic within contemporary communication systems has given rise to a challenge: a shortage in system information rates. To address these pressing issues, large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques have emerged as a promising solution. These advanced techniques not only enhance energy efficiency but also optimize spectrum performance, positioning themselves as a pivotal cornerstone for the forthcoming evolution of wireless communication systems. In wireless communication systems, fading …
Published in Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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The Role of Advanced Wireless Technologies in the Evolution of 5G and Beyond
Abstract: The advent of 5th-generation wireless technology has ushered in notable improvements in efficiency and speed, promising significant advancements in the wireless tech domain. The demand for 5G is on the rise, driven by factors like a burgeoning user base, high-speed requirements, intricate receiver systems, and more. While 4G is currently available, the continuous influx of users and devices is gradually saturating the 4G spectrum, making the need for 5G technology …
Published in Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems · Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 23–27 Read article
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Overview AI-Driven Antenna Technologies and Privacy- Preserving Methods for Next-Generation 6G Wireless Systems
Abstract: The next generation of wireless communications, 6G, will be built on the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced antenna systems. AI-driven antennas are poised to address the unprecedented requirements for data rate, reliability, adaptability, and ubiquity in future networks. An overview of current advancements in AI-enabled antenna systems for 6G networks is provided in this study. From traditional base station deployments to distributed, cell-free, and user-centric frameworks, it examines …
Published in Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 28–34 Read article
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Comparative Study of Multistorey Building with Composite Column at Soft Storey
Abstract: Increase in population, car parking space is major concern. Hence, trend has been set up to use ground floor for parking purpose. Literature shows that, large number of reinforced concrete (RC) building with soft storey damaged by earthquake shaking due to many structural deficiencies such as, column with insufficient confinements, strong beam weak column, formation of plastic hinge at beam-column joint, opening of 90 degree ties, poor detailing in beam-column …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 37–42 Read article
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Transient Dynamic Analysis of Tapered Traditional and Castellated I-Beam using FEM
Abstract: A transient dynamic analysis of typical hot-rolled I sections with solid and castellated web (in the form of a beam member) is performed for various boundary conditions. The analyses are performed for the web depth opening of 0.6D, since it behaves satisfactorily with regards to serviceability requirements at this opening size. Three different pair of sections are selected complying with classification of the sections provided in Table 2 of IS …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 9–24 Read article
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Castellated Beams with and without Stiffeners- A Review
Abstract: Use of castellated beams has it benefits like it is economical, gives more strength with less material, easy to erect. Studies related to castellated beam show that quantifiable reduction in the weight of structure is accomplished by allowing web openings without reducing structural strength or requirements of serviceability. Castellated beams are fabricated by cutting I section in zig zag pattern to create shapes like hexagonal, circular, rectangular and re-joining it …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 6, Issue 2, 2019 · pp. 13–18 Read article
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Semi-Elliptical Load Thick Beam Analysis Using 5th Order Shear Deformation Theory
Abstract: A 5th order shear deformation theory considering transverse shear deformation effect is presented for static flexure analysis of isotropic beams with built in ends. The considered displacement field accounts for non-linear variation of in-plane displacements as well as transverse displacement through the thickness of beam. The condition of zero transverse shear stresses on the top and bottom surface of beam is fulfilled. Governing equations and boundary conditions of the theory …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2020 · pp. 9–22 Read article
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Side Lobe Reduction using Bacterial Foraging Optimization
Abstract: AbstractTo meet the need for long-distance communication, the directive characteristics and radiation pattern of the antenna must be improved. By arranging the antenna elements in an electrical or geometric pattern, such that the radiated energy of the radiation elements vector added in the desired direction of propagation and canceled in the unwanted direction, results in a better-designed antenna array. The elements of the antenna array may be uniformly or non-uniformly …
Published in Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies · Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2020 · pp. 7–15 Read article
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Effect of Span, Load Intensity, and Beam Geometry on Stress and Deflection Behavior of RCC Beams
Abstract: This study investigates the influence of variations in beam geometry, span, load intensity, and permissible stresses on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Using classical bending and shear stress formulations, the effects of a 20% increase in key parameters were analytically evaluated. Results indicate that a 20% increase in beam span leads to a proportional 20% increase in beam depth, whereas a 20% increase in beam width or permissible …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 9–22 Read article
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FLEXIBLE AND SEMI-RIGID BEAM-COLUMN JOINT CONNECTIONS BY FEM
Abstract: This study investigates the structural behavior of flexible and semi-rigid beam-column joint connections in cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, focusing on the use of Finite Element Modeling (FEM) to simulate their performance under various loading conditions. Traditional analysis methods often oversimplify beam-column connections, treating them as either perfectly rigid or fully flexible, which does not accurately capture real-world joint behavior. In reality, many beam-column joints exhibit semi-rigid characteristics, where the stiffness …
Published in Journal of Structural Engineering and Management · Vol. 12, Issue 3, 2025 Read article
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Treatment Planning Techniques in External Beam Photon Radiation Therapy
Abstract: Volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) is a modern treatment technique in radiation therapy, and it delivers conformal radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to the normal tissues. The beam delivery is done in the form of one or multiple arcs, with gantry rotating around the treatment isocenter. A number of literature suggests that VMAT could be an attractive option to treat prostate cancer. However, there is no consensus …
Published in Research and Reviews: Journal of Oncology and Hematology · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2014 · pp. 20–22 Read article
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Firing a Laser into the Sky Diverts Lightning Offering Greater Protection to Installations
Abstract: Lightning bolts cause thousands of deaths every year worldwide. Since Benjamin Franklin’s invention of lightning rods made almost 300 years ago, the technology has not been changed even today. The same Franklin lightning rods are used on top of the buildings to steer lightning down to the ground so that they don’t pass through the buildings, and damage the structure or electrocute people. Researchers have recently developed a new type …
Published in International Journal of Photochemistry and Photochemical Research · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 46–56 Read article
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Binary GA for Sidelobe Reduction and Null Steering in 5G Array
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of a Binary Genetic Algorithm (BGA) for optimizing radiation characteristics of an active phased array antenna used in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The primary objective is to achieve effective null steering while maintaining the desired main beam direction and simultaneously reducing the side lobe level (SLL). These improvements are essential for minimizing co-channel interference, enhancing spatial selectivity, and improving the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio …
Published in International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2026 Read article
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Gamma- and Electron Beam-Induced Crystalline modification in Poly (Lactic Acid): Effects of Radiation Dose and Dose Rate
Abstract: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an important commercial biodegradable polyester whose properties are dictated by its molecular architecture and semicrystalline nature. The application of ionizing radiation particularly gamma rays and electron beams is extensive for sterilization and materials processing. The effect of ionizing radiation on the crystallinity of PLA is complex however, since irradiation causes concurrently chain scission, radical formation, oxidation, recombination and mobility driven structural reorganization. This work studies the …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2026 Read article
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Design and Evaluation of Nano-cantilever Beam for Sensing Application
Abstract: Sensor array offers several advantages such as selectivity enhancement towards analytes,multiple component analysis etc. In case of an array system, we see that one cantilever beamcan be set as a reference, while the other beams are subjected to varying loads. As a result,even a very small deflection would be detected with the help of adjacent beams, henceenhancing the sensitivity of the cantilever. By using an array of beams with differentfunctionalization …
Published in Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology · Vol. 7, Issue 3, 2020 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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Non-linear Photonic Crystals and their Applications: A Review
Abstract: The nonlinear photonic crystals (NLPCs) are periodic material structures in which nonlinear materials are used for photonic structure formation. In nonlinear photonic crystals, the optical response mainly depends on the intensity of the light beam that propagates through the photonic crystal. These structures show new optical properties with improved or enhanced or new functionalities that cannot be observed in linear photonic crystals. In addition to this, using nonlinear materials in …
Published in Trends in Opto-electro & Optical Communication · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2022 · pp. 36–39 Read article
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Design And Analysis of Connecting Rod Against The Variations In Geometrical Parameters
Abstract: This scrutiny has been analyzed for two case studies which is aimed by geometrical variations in connecting rod design. The geometries of both studies is prepared from the theoretically calculated data. The base geometry of connecting rod is designed with I-section for beam portion, as per the standard machine design procedure and theoretically calculated parameters. And that particular I-section`s design factor has formed roots of our both case studies. The …
Published in Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2021 · pp. 27–48 Read article
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Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Exterior Beam Column Joint Subjected to Monotonic Loading
Abstract: A numerical analysis of exterior beam-column joint subjected to constant axial load on the column top and monotonic load applied at the beam tip is presented in this work. A strain-based nonlinear finite element program is developed in MATLAB R2009a. The nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structural member is carried out considering it as a two-phase system. The concrete in nonlinear range is considered as orthotropic material having different stress-strain …
Published in Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2014 · pp. 12–21 Read article