STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Journal of Polymer & Composites Original Research Special issue

Influence of ZycoTherm Dosage on Polymer Modified Bitumen and Marshall Performance of Hydrated Lime Incorporated Warm Mix Bituminous Concrete

  1. Ashraf Mahmad Mathakiya Department of Civil Engineering, Atmiya University, Rajkot
  2. Hemantkumar G. Sonkusare Department of Civil Engineering, Atmiya University, Rajkot

Abstract

This study examines the effect of ZycoTherm on PMB 76-10 binder characteristics and the performance of PMB-based Bituminous Concrete (BC) Grade-II prepared at reduced mixing temperatures, with and without hydrated lime. PMB 76-10 was modified with ZycoTherm at dosages of 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% by weight of binder and evaluated using conventional and residue-based tests. Increasing ZycoTherm dosage decreased penetration, while softening point, flash point, and elastic recovery increased, indicating improved stiffness, thermal stability, and recoverable behaviour. Residue properties after short-term aging also improved with additive dosage. For mixture evaluation, BC Grade-II mixtures with 6.4% binder were prepared at mixing temperatures of 165, 135, 125, and 115 °C with 0% and 3% hydrated lime. Marshall stability, flow, Marshall Quotient, and volumetric parameters were assessed. Stability and Marshall Quotient increased up to 0.10% ZycoTherm and decreased at higher dosages, while flow showed the opposite trend. Reducing mixing temperature adversely affected Marshall and volumetric properties, and the minimum stability requirement of MoRTH-V Revision and IRC: SP:135-2022 was not satisfied at 115 °C. Hydrated lime improved mixture performance. Overall, 0.10% ZycoTherm was found optimum, and reduced-temperature production was feasible up to 125 °C.

Keywords

References (27)

  1. Škulteckė J, Vaitkus A, Šernas O, Pipintakos G, Česnauskienė S. Resistance of polymer modified bitumen to UV radiation and oxidative aging depending on styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) characteristics and base binder chemical composition. Materials and Structures. 2026;59(2). doi:10.1617/s11527-026-03002-x
  2. Elwardany M, Habbouche J, Andriescu A, Mensching DJ, Hajj EY, Piratheepan M. Comprehensive performance evaluation of high polymer-modified asphalt binders beyond linear viscoelastic rheological surrogates. Construction and Building Materials. 2022;351:128902. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128902
  3. Emtiaz M, Imtiyaz MN, Majumder M, Idris II, Mazumder R, Rahaman MM. A Comprehensive Literature Review on Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder. CivilEng. 2023;4(3):901-933. doi:10.3390/civileng4030049
  4. Viscione N, Lo Presti D, Veropalumbo R, Oreto C, Biancardo SA, Russo F. Performance-based characterization of recycled polymer modified asphalt mixture. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;310:125243. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125243
  5. Liu Z, Wang J, He G, Yang Z. Engineering the thermal conductivity of polymer-bonded explosives by interfacial thermal resistance reduction and structural designs: a review. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials. 2024;8(1). doi:10.1007/s42114-024-01076-1
  6. Haji Seyed Javadi N, Heydari S, Hajimohammadi A. Evaluating Effectiveness of Multi-Component Waste Plastic Bags on Bitumen Properties: Physical, Rheological, and Aging. Polymers. 2024;16(12):1669. doi:10.3390/polym16121669
  7. Carlucci S, Ingrassia LP, Sabbatini S, Graziani A, Canestrari F. Analysis of the chemical, rheological, performance and durability properties of highly polymer-modified bitumen produced at large scale. Construction and Building Materials. 2025;497:143936. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143936
  8. Wang C, Hao P, Ruan F, Zhang X, Adhikari S. Determination of the production temperature of warm mix asphalt by workability test. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;48:1165-1170. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.097
  9. Nithinchary J, Dhandapani BP, Mullapudi RS. Application of warm mix technology - design and performance characteristics: Review and way forward. Construction and Building Materials. 2024;414:134915. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.134915
  10. Ragni D, Ferrotti G, Lu X, Canestrari F. Effect of temperature and chemical additives on the short-term ageing of polymer modified bitumen for WMA. Materials & Design. 2018;160:514-526. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.09.042
  11. Cong P, Wang J, Zhou Z. Effects of thermal degradation on polymer modified asphalt binders during storage and transportation. Construction and Building Materials. 2020;248:118694. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118694
  12. Omranian SR, Hamzah MO, Gungat L, Teh SY. Evaluation of asphalt mixture behavior incorporating warm mix additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 2018;5(3):181-196. doi:10.1016/j.jtte.2017.08.003
  13. Yucel AO, Ozturk HI, Guler M. Influence of warm mix additive on internal structure of dry process crumb rubber modified mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;313:127959. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127959
  14. Mirzababaei P. Effect of zycotherm on moisture susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and gradations. Construction and Building Materials. 2016;116:403-412. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.143
  15. Sukhija M, Saboo N, Pani A. Effect of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies on the moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials. 2023;369:130589. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130589
  16. Sarkar MTA, Elseifi MA. Experimental evaluation of asphalt mixtures with emerging additives against cracking and moisture damage. Journal of Road Engineering. 2023;3(4):336-349. doi:10.1016/j.jreng.2023.07.001
  17. Alfaqawi RM, Fareed A, Zaidi SBA, Airey GD, Rahim A. Effect of hydrated lime and other mineral fillers on stiffening and oxidative ageing in bitumen mastic. Construction and Building Materials. 2022;315:125789. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125789
  18. Han S, Dong S, Liu M, Han X, Liu Y. Study on improvement of asphalt adhesion by hydrated lime based on surface free energy method. Construction and Building Materials. 2019;227:116794. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116794
  19. Hesami S, Roshani H, Hamedi GH, Azarhoosh A. Evaluate the mechanism of the effect of hydrated lime on moisture damage of warm mix asphalt. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;47:935-941. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.079
  20. Lesueur D, Petit J, Ritter HJ. The mechanisms of hydrated lime modification of asphalt mixtures: a state-of-the-art review. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2012;14(1):1-16. doi:10.1080/14680629.2012.743669
  21. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Specifications for road and bridge works. 5th rev. New Delhi: Government of India; 2013.
  22. Indian Roads Congress. Manual for the design of hot bituminous mixes. IRC:SP:135–2022. New Delhi: Indian Roads Congress; 2022.
  23. Indian Roads Congress. Guidelines on use of modified bitumen in road construction. IRC:SP:53-2010. New Delhi: Indian Roads Congress; 2010.
  24. Mathakiya A, Sonkusare H, Jadeja M, et al. Effect of bitumen content and polypropylene fiber on performance of bituminous mix properties. In: International Conference on Recent Trends in Infrastructural Development and Sustainable Materials; 2023 Nov 25. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. p. 569–578.
  25. Sonkusare HG, Pawade PY. Investigate the temperature effects on curing of reactive powder concrete containing silica. In: Advances in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Development: Select Proceedings of ICRACEID 2019. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2020. p. 729–738.
  26. Joshi DP, Mathakiya AM. Effect of warm mix additive on the performance of the bituminous mix. Int J Sci Res Dev. 2018;6(2):45–49.
  27. Mathakiya AM, Shinkar PA. Structural evaluation of flexible pavement by using Benkelman beam deflection technique: a case study of Rajkot-Morbi State Highway 24. Trends Transp Eng Appl. 2016;3(2):56–64.
Support