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8 articles for “valency”
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Configuration and Properties of Group III Elements in the Periodic Table
Abstract: Group III elements comprise those found in the third column of the periodic table, including boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. These elements possess three valence electrons in their outermost shell, characterized by the electron configuration ns2np1, which influences their location and characteristics within the periodic table. The distribution of electron pairs, formal charges, oxidation states, and molecular morphologies of Group III elements and their compounds are illustrated in this …
Published in Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering · Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 23–30 Read article
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Graph Theoretic Analysis of Cyclodextrin Polymers
Abstract: Topological indicators in chemical graph theory are essential tools in cheminformatics, providing valuable insights into molecular structure and properties to make more accurate predictions about the behavior and efficacy of novel compounds in drug design. The macro molecules are correlated with certain derivatives. The derivatives are growing structures which depends on the cyclic structures. The Cyclodextrin is one of the cyclic structures which depends on the carbon atoms. The polymer …
Published in Journal of Polymer & Composites · Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 997–1006 Read article
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Evidence for Forward Spin and Reverse Spin Radio Photons
Abstract: We generated alternate spin radio frequency photons by accelerating metallic valence electrons in a wire with half portions of a sine wave. To avoid standing waves from sinusoidal movement, a non-resonating transmitter was built with a non-resonating antenna. An oscilloscope at a second non-resonant receiving antenna 3 wavelengths away from the transmitter detected positive going 180-degree voltage pulses. Reversing the direction of electron excitation in the transmitter antenna caused negative …
Published in International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2023 · pp. 1–12 Read article
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Theoretical Study of Surface Waves in Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
Abstract: Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material in which Boron (B) and Nitrogen (N) atoms form hexagonal structure and has number of robust properties of technological importance. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are very nice area of research in recent years. Its structure is similar to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) where carbon atoms are arranged in hexagon. hBN is also known as White Graphene. Various methods are employed to …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2024 Read article
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Techniques of Atomic Structure Orbit Potential of The Frequency Characteristics of Silicon Element
Abstract: This study explores the technological applications and material integration of semiconductor materials, with a focus on their electronic properties and practical implementations. The investigation primarily addresses four key objectives: analyzing the electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) of semiconductor materials, evaluating the band alignment in heterojunctions, and integrating these materials into practical technological applications. Using a simplified tight-binding model, we compute and plot the electronic band structure of …
Published in Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology & Application · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 16–32 Read article
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Photocatalysis Unveiled: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, and Material Innovations
Abstract: The Industrial Revolution significantly enhanced living standards but also led to severe environmental degradation, making pollution a critical concern for both developed and developing nations. Photocatalysis, a light-driven chemical process, accelerates thermodynamically demanding reactions, such as photosynthesis, offering a promising alternative for deep solar energy storage. This method also minimizes chemical exposure and reduces environmental pollutants generated by industrial activities. A key advantage of photocatalysis is its ability to replace …
Published in International Journal of Photochemistry and Photochemical Research · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 08–18 Read article
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Characteristics of Group VIII Elements in the Periodic Table and the Potential Uses and Applications
Abstract: Group 8 elements, known as noble gases, hold a special place in the periodic table. Noble gases offer unique properties with applications in science, industry, and technology. By comprehensively understanding the characteristics of Group 8 elements, we not only appreciate their role in the periodic table but also recognize their significance in scientific research and industrial applications. This project sheds light on the unique properties of noble gases, highlighting their …
Published in Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology · Vol. 16, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 82–91 Read article
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Unraveling Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Lithium-Substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates via Dielectric Spectroscopy and EPR Analysis
Abstract: Lithium-substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates with varying concentrations of lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) — specifically 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 molar percentages — were successfully synthesized using a conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The resulting compounds follow the general chemical formula Rb₂₋ₓLiₓTi₄O₉. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that lithium ions were successfully incorporated into the crystal lattice without disrupting the fundamental layered structure of the host material. The crystal system remained monoclinic across …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics · Vol. 14, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 19–29 Read article