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48 articles for “Humors”
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Unani Concepts of Brain Pathology: Humoral Mechanisms in Māddī Neurological Disorders
Abstract: Background: The Unani System of Medicine (USM) considers the brain (Dimāgh) as the principal organ of Quwā Nafsāniyya (psychic faculties), responsible for sensation, cognition, memory, movement, and emotional regulation. According to Unani principles, health is maintained through equilibrium of Mizāj (temperament) and Akhlāṭ (humours), whereas disease develops when this balance is disturbed. Among neurological disorders, Sū’-i-Mizāj Māddī Dimāgh refers to pathological conditions of the brain associated with the accumulation of …
Published in Journal of AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2026 · pp. 21–29 Read article
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Exploring the Dynamics of Eye Fluid: Lymphatics, Aqueous Humor, and Intraocular Pressure
Abstract: Lymphatic vessels are essential for regulating interstitial fluid balance, facilitating immune cell transport, supporting lipid absorption, and playing significant roles in tumor development and metastasis. Recent findings have expanded their recognized functions, particularly in pathological contexts. One notable discovery is the involvement of lymphatics in draining aqueous humor from the eye, a process closely linked to the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and its implications for glaucoma progression. This review …
Published in Emerging Trends in Personalized Medicines · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 31–44 Read article
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Concept of Body Fluids (Akhlāt)
Abstract: Unani Tibb is one of the ancient systems of medicine which is also called as the system of Greek medicine. A body fluid or "humor" is that fluid of the body in which our aliment is transformed. In our classical literature, body fluids were termed as Akhlāt (Humors). Humoral theory believes the presence of four humors in the body i.e., blood (dam), phlegm (balgham), yellow bile (safra) and black bile …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 12–14 Read article
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The Pioneers of Greek Medicine: Exploring the Classical Period and Influential Scholars
Abstract: Greek Medicine, an ancient medical system, emphasized holistic approaches, balance, and the interconnectedness of the body and environment. Its contributions to anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, and preventive care continue to shape Modern Medicine. This medical system thrived from around the 5th century BCE until the advent of modern medicine. Greek physicians, such as Hippocrates, Galen and Dioscorides, revolutionized the understanding of the Human Body, Disease, and therapeutic interventions. Central to the …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Medicine · Vol. 13, Issue 3, 2023 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Unani Medicine: Decoding the Principles of Administration and Analyzing the Concept of Insomnia (Sahr)
Abstract: Insomnia, known as Sehar in the Unani system of Medicine, refers to the condition of being unable to fall asleep or stay asleep, primarily caused by an imbalance in the brain's temperament due to excessive Hararat and Yaboosat. It is recognized as a risk factor for depression and is more prevalent in women. Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a widespread issue worldwide and is characterized by difficulty in initiating or maintaining …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 10, Issue 3, 2023 · pp. 1–7 Read article
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The Melancholic Humour (Khilt-e-Sawda)
Abstract: Humoral theory is one of the basic concepts of Unani system of medicine.Akhlat (humors) is “Admixture” which refers to body fluids. The body contains four major humors, i.e., dam, balgham, safra and sawda: a right proportion according to quality and quantity constitutes health and irregular distribution of these constitutes diseases. The melancholic humor is fourth fluid of the body which attributed to black in colour. It has very important functions …
Published in Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions · Vol. 9, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 22–25 Read article
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Irsal-e-Alaq (Leech Therapy) in Unani System of Medicine: A Review
Abstract: Irsal e Alaq (Leech or Hirudo therapy) is one of the most important and widely practiced methods of regimental therapy used for local evacuation of morbid humors. Irsale alaq is the method of evacuation of morbid humors from the body and thereby balancing the four humors and hence regaining the health. The imbalance in the quality and quantity of these humors leads to diseases whereas restoration of this balance maintains …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 27–31 Read article
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Literature Review of Irsal-e-Alaq (Leech Therapy) in Unani and Modern Science
Abstract: The Unani system of medicine is based on the humoral theory (Nazriya Akhlat) postulated by Buqrat. According to this theory, all illness is caused by an imbalance of one of the four body humors that is, blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Irsal-e-alaq is one of the oldest and widely practiced means of Ilaj-bit-tadbeer for local evacuation of morbid humours. It is a procedure of treatment with the use …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 21–29 Read article
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Dry Cough (Su‘āl Yābis): Causes and Management
Abstract: Unani system is based on the concept of equilibrium and balance of one or more than one of six essential factors which leads to weakening of tabi’at (physis) which further leads to alteration in humours and temperament (su’al mizaj) of individual, resulting more weakening of tabi’at tends to causation of disease. Cough is a reflex action due to physis of lungs to excrete out the irritant from lungs in response …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2021 · pp. 6–9 Read article
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Efficacy of Leech Therapy in the Management of Osteoarthritis: A Comparative Clinical Study
Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic conditions and over half of the patients with OA report being limited in their daily activities because of pain. Physical activity and exercise reduce the pain, but do not relieve the cause. This study was done to emphasize the efficacy of leech therapy in the management of Waja-ul-Mafasil (osteoarthritis) in the Department of Moalijat (General Medicine), Govt. Nizamia Tibbi College & …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2014 · pp. 5–11 Read article
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Unani's Perspective on Melancholic Imbalance
Abstract: Unani medicine believed that the human body was composed of three main components—solid organs, liquid humours, and gaseous pneuma. The liquid substances in the body, known as akhlat, are the collection of humours. Each humours do something specific and general works. The balance of black bile (sawda) is essential for maintaining a healthy body, as excess or deficiency can lead to debilitating illnesses. This highlights the crucial role that black …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2023 · pp. 1–4 Read article
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Defensive Mechanisms and Key Strategies with Its Specified Role in Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)
Abstract: Silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) possess a variety of defense mechanisms that play a vital role in protecting them against microbial infections and environmental stressors. These defense systems are primarily innate, relying on cellular and humoral responses. Cellular defenses include hemocytes which are responsible for processes like phagocytosis, encapsulation, and nodule formation. Humoral responses involve the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP’s), such as cecropins, moricins, and lysozymes, which target invading pathogens. …
Published in International Journal of Insects · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2024 · pp. 10–14 Read article
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Stress Urinary Incontinence (Salasulul-Baul): A Review of The Unani Concept
Abstract: Greco-Arabic medicine, a rich repository of knowledge on various bodily ailments, offers significant insights into managing and treating numerous health conditions. Among these, urinary incontinence (UI) stands out as a frequently overlooked, underreported, and untreated medical issue that profoundly affects the quality of life for women across all age groups. Salasul baul, a term used in Greco-Arabic medicine, describes this distressing condition characterized by an inability to control urine, significantly …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2024 · pp. 30–33 Read article
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Unani Medicine Approaches To Liver Diseases :Therapeutic Principles and Review
Abstract: Background: For centuries, the Unani system of medicine has addressed liver diseases through principles that recommend specific therapies tailored to each ailment. Purpose: To analyze the therapeutic principles and Unani medications recorded for the treatment of liver diseases. Data Sources: Unani literary books in both Urdu and English were consulted, along with original e-research papers serving as databases. Limitation: This paper primarily focuses on the therapeutic principles related to liver …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 25–29 Read article
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Scientific Appraisal of Unani Drugs Used in Neurological Disorders
Abstract: Background: Neurological disorders are prevalent and are increasing. The Unani system of medicine provides insights into the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. Objective: This study explores the Unani perspective on neurological disorders, focusing on therapies and the pharmacodynamics of related medicines. Methods: A comprehensive review of Unani literature was conducted using digital and traditional sources. Unani texts, like “Al Qanoon Fil Tib” by Ibn Sina and “Al Jami …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 34–44 Read article
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Contribution of Dalak (Massage) in the Treatment of Waja-uz-Zohar (Back Pain): A Review
Abstract: Classical Unani literature presents a detailed understanding of Waja-ul-Mafasil (diseases of bones and joints) among which Waja-uz-Zohar (low back pain) has received extensive attention. Distinguished Unani physicians meticulously described its etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment modalities. According to Unani theory Waja-uz-Zohar is defined as pain originating from the muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues surrounding the lumbar and lumbosacral regions. Prominent scholars, such as Ibn Sina and Zakariya Razi, attributed …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Sailan-ur-Rahem (Abnormal Vaginal Discharge) in Greco-Arabic Medicine: A Review
Abstract: Greco-Arab medicine also known as Unani System of Medicine (USM) is well known based on the Hippocratic humoral theory. According to USM, every person is supposed to have a unique humoral constitution which represents his healthy state and any change in this state causes illness of the said person. The severity of the disease depends directly upon the change in equilibrium from mizaj (Temperament). In Greco-Arab medicine, Sailan-ur-Rahem is a …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Exploring Nutool (Irrigation) as A Treatment Method in Ilaj Bit Tad-Beer (Regimenal Therapy)
Abstract: The Unani system of medicine employs four primary modes of treatment: Illaj bil ghiza (dietotherapy), Illaj bil Dawa (pharmacotherapy), Illaj bit tadbeer (Regimenal therapy), and Illaj bil yad (surgery). Illaj bit Tadbeer encompasses a range of regimenal interventions, including Hijamah (cupping), Irsal alaq (leeching), Fasd (venesection), Dalak (massage), Nutool (irrigation), Qay (Emesis), Idrar-i-Bawl (Diuresis), Tariq (Diaphoresis), Munzij and Mu'shil therapy (Concoction and purgation), Bukhoor (medicated steam), kayy (cauterization), Huqna (enema), …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Unani Medicine Uncovered: Core Concepts And Quality Evaluations
Abstract: Unani medicine, a traditional healing system primarily reliant on herbal remedies, finds its roots in the ancient wisdom of Greek philosopher Hippocrates (460–377 BC) and his associates. Its evolution and prominence, however, owe much to the support of Persian and Arab empires before making its way to the Indian subcontinent around the mid-14th century. Unani practitioners believe that each individual possesses a unique temperament shaped by the interplay of four …
Published in Journal of AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 10–17 Read article
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome and its management in Unani System of Medicine- A Comprehensive Review
Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder that significantly impacts women’s reproductive and metabolic health. It often leads to anovulation and infertility, creating distress for those affected. Additionally, PCOS increases the risk of developing diabetes and other long-term health complications. Recognizing and addressing PCOS is crucial, as early intervention can improve quality of life and prevent serious health issues. Common symptoms are polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, weight …
Published in Research & Reviews : A Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy · Vol. 12, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 13–24 Read article