An Overview of ELISA Biochemistry: A Brief Evaluation

Vishnu Datt; Priya Bishnoi; Nitu Dogra

Abstract

ELISA, known as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is widely recognized as the most reliable immunoassay method. This technique is highly sensitive and serves the purpose of identifying and measuring various substances such as hormones, antibodies, antigens, glycoproteins, allergens, and proteins. The process involves the formation of antibody–antigen complexes that generate a detectable response, enabling quantification. In response to encountering foreign substances called "antigens," the immune system of an individual produces antibodies as a protective response. An antigen is a protein of foreign origin that, when coupled with an antibody, causes the body to mount an immune reaction. Antibodies have specific regions that bind to antigens. This interaction is used in ELISA testing and enables the identification of particular protein antigens and antibodies with very little sample volume. ELISA kits are widely used in the diagnosis of Ebola, pernicious anaemia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), rotavirus, Lyme disease, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Zika virus, carcinoma of the epithelial cells, and many other pathologies and therefore play an important role in life science research.

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