STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Research and Reviews : A Journal of Biotechnology Review Article

Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Milk: Natural Sources, Nutritional Advantages, and Potential Health Benefits

  1. Md. Emran Hossain

Abstract

Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the most common type of CLA found in milk. It has gained a lot of attention because it may have several health benefits. This bioactive lipid is primarily derived from ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary linoleic acid and endogenous synthesis in the mammary gland via Δ9-desaturase activity. Various dietary and management strategies influence CLA concentrations in milk, including forage composition, lipid supplementation, and grazing practices. CLA-enriched dairy products offer promising nutritional advantages, including potential roles in lipid metabolism, body composition modulation, and immune function enhancement. Research suggests that cis-9, trans-11 CLA may exert anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and cardioprotective effects, though the underlying mechanisms require further elucidation. Bioavailability and dose-dependent responses in human health remain key areas of investigation. Moreover, processing methods and storage conditions impact CLA stability in dairy products, necessitating optimized production techniques. Future research should focus on precision feeding strategies to enhance CLA biosynthesis while ensuring sustainability in dairy production. Integrative approaches utilizing genomics, metabolomics, and microbiome analysis may offer deeper insights into regulatory mechanisms governing CLA metabolism. Assessing consumer perceptions and market potential for CLA-enriched dairy products will be crucial for industry applications. Advancing knowledge on CLA’s multifaceted health effects and optimizing its dietary intake may contribute to improving both public health and dairy sustainability.

Keywords

References (64)

  1. Palmquist DL, Lock AL, Shingfield KJ, Bauman DE. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2005;50:179–217.
  2. McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A ruminant fatty acid with beneficial effects on human health. Journal of Animal Science. 2000;77(E-Suppl):1. doi:10.2527/jas2000.00218812007700es0033x
  3. Bawa S. An update on the beneficial roles of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in modulating human health: Mechanisms of action: A review. Polish J Food Nutr Sci. 2003;12(3):3–13.
  4. Jenkins TC, Wallace RJ, Moate PJ, Mosley EE. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem1. Journal of Animal Science. 2008;86(2):397-412. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0588
  5. Bauman DE, Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Griinari JM. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Science. 1999. p. 1–14.
  6. De Beni Arrigoni M, Martins CL, Factori MA. Lipid Metabolism in the Rumen. Rumenology. 2016:103-126. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2_4
  7. Mosley EE, McGuire MK, Williams JE, McGuire MA. Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Synthesized from Vaccenic Acid in Lactating Women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(9):2297-2301. doi:10.1093/jn/136.9.2297
  8. Griinari JM, Corl BA, Lacy SH, Chouinard PY, Nurmela KV, Bauman DE. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Δ9-desaturase. J Nutr. 2000;130(9):2285–91.
  9. Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, Nader GA, Larson S. A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutrition Journal. 2010;9(1). doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-10
  10. Dhiman TR, Nam S-H, Ure AL. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(6):463–82.
  11. Sun X, Wang Y, Ma X, Li S, Wang W. Producing natural functional and low-carbon milk by regulating the diet of the cattle—The fatty acid associated rumen fermentation, biohydrogenation, and microorganism response. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.955846
  12. Lawless F, Stanton C, L’Escop P, Devery R, Dillon P, Murphy JJ. Influence of breed on bovine milk cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid content. Livestock Production Science. 1999;62(1):43-49. doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00053-6
  13. Campos Mondragón MG. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (Cla) Intake, A Mini Review. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2016;10(09):129-132. doi:10.9790/2402-100901129132
  14. Mushtaq S, Heather Mangiapane E, Hunter KA. Estimation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in UK foods and assessment of dietary intake in a cohort of healthy adults. British Journal of Nutrition. 2009;103(9):1366-1374. doi:10.1017/s000711450999328x
  15. Kelly ML, Berry JR, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Chouinard PY, Van Amburgh ME, et al. Dietary Fatty Acid Sources Affect Conjugated Linoleic Acid Concentrations in Milk from Lactating Dairy Cows. The Journal of Nutrition. 1998;128(5):881-885. doi:10.1093/jn/128.5.881
  16. Acosta Balcazar IC, Granados Rivera LD, Salinas Chavira J, Estrada Drouaillet B, Albarrán MR, Bautista Martínez Y. Relationship between the Composition of Lipids in Forages and the Concentration of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow’s Milk: A Review. Animals. 2022;12(13):1621. doi:10.3390/ani12131621
  17. Caroprese M, Marzano A, Marino R, Gliatta G, Muscio A, Sevi A. Flaxseed supplementation improves fatty acid profile of cow milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 2010;93(6):2580-2588. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-2003
  18. Elgersma A, Tamminga S, Ellen G. Modifying milk composition through forage. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2006;131(3-4):207-225. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.012
  19. Roca-Fernandez AI, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Vazquez-Yañez OP, Fernandez-Casado JA. Short communication. Effect of forage source (grazing vs. silage) on conjugated linoleic acid content in milk fat of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from Galicia (NW Spain). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2012;10(1):116-122. doi:10.5424/sjar/2012101-127-11
  20. Kay JK, Weber WJ, Moore CE, Bauman DE, Hansen LB, Chester-Jones H, et al. Effects of Week of Lactation and Genetic Selection for Milk Yield on Milk Fatty Acid Composition in Holstein Cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2005;88(11):3886-3893. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73074-5
  21. Herzallah SM, Humeid MA, Al-Ismail KM. Effect of heating and processing methods of milk and dairy products on conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acid isomer content. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88(4):1301–10.
  22. Rodríguez-Alcalá LM, Harte F, Fontecha J. Fatty acid profile and CLA isomers content of cow, ewe and goat milks processed by high pressure homogenization. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2009;10(1):32-36. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2008.10.003
  23. Florence ACR, da Silva RC, do Espírito Santo AP, Gioielli LA, Tamime AY, de Oliveira MN. Increased CLA content in organic milk fermented by bifidobacteria or yoghurt cultures. Dairy Science and Technology. 2009;89(6):541-553. doi:10.1051/dst/2009030
  24. Prandini A, Sigolo S, Piva G. A comparative study of fatty acid composition and CLA concentration in commercial cheeses. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2011;24(1):55-61. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.04.004
  25. Martínez-Monteagudo SI, Leal-Dávila M, Curtis JM, Saldaña MDA. Oxidative stability of ultra high temperature milk enriched in conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid. International Dairy Journal. 2015;43:70-77. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.11.009
  26. Lin H, Boylston TD, Luedecke LO, Shultz TD. Factors affecting the conjugated linoleic acid content of Cheddar cheese. J Agric Food Chem. 1998;46(3):801–7. doi:10.1021/jf970639.
  27. Kim Y, Park Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis Signaling by the Upregulation of PPARγ Coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) in C2C12 Cells. Lipids. 2015;50(4):329-338. doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4000-5
  28. Wu L, Ye S, Deng X, Fu Z, Li J, Yang C. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates High Fat-Induced Insulin Resistance via Regulating Gut Microbiota–Host Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Interactions. Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1133. doi:10.3390/nu16081133
  29. Du M, Ahn DU. Dietary CLA affects lipid metabolism in broiler chicks. Lipids. 2003;38(5):505-511. doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1091-z
  30. Rastgoo S, Shimi G, Shiraseb F, Karbasi A, Ashtary-Larky D, Yousefi M, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092077
  31. Ma N, Chen Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Wang Z. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depression of fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Antioxidants. 2021;11(1):55.
  32. Morvaridzadeh M, Abdollahi S, Heidari Z, Rezazadegan M, Jalili S, Teymouri A, et al. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2022;163:106666.
  33. O’Shea M, Bassaganya-Riera J, Mohede ICM. Immunomodulatory properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(6):1199S-1206S.
  34. Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2016;785:87-95. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.095
  35. Serini S, Piccioni E, Merendino N, Calviello G. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids as inducers of apoptosis: implications for cancer. Apoptosis. 2009;14(2):135-152. doi:10.1007/s10495-008-0298-2
  36. Masso-Welch PA, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker SF, Ip MM. Inhibition of angiogenesis by the cancer chemopreventive agent conjugated linoleic acid. Cancer Res. 2002;62(15):4383–9.
  37. Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, Marcadenti A, Lehnen AM. A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2015;12(1). doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4
  38. Belury MA. Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Potential Mechanisms of Action. The Journal of Nutrition. 2002;132(10):2995-2998. doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.2995
  39. Asbaghi O, Shimi G, Hosseini Oskouie F, Naseri K, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on anthropometrics and body composition indices in adults: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2023;131(3):406-428. doi:10.1017/s0007114523001861
  40. Reynolds CM, Roche HM. Conjugated linoleic acid and inflammatory cell signalling. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2010;82(4–6):199–204.
  41. Valenzuela CA, Baker EJ, Miles EA, Calder PC. Conjugated Linoleic Acids Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cultured Endothelial Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(1):874. doi:10.3390/ijms24010874
  42. Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, Nolan JJ, Roche HM. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;80(4):887-895. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.887
  43. Platt I, Rao LG, El-Sohemy A. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on mineralized bone nodule formation from human osteoblast-like cells. Exp Biol Med. 2007;232(2):246–52.
  44. Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, Wright ADG, Spener F. Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:1–21.
  45. Risérus U. Trans fatty acids, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes. Scand J Food Nutr. 2006;50(4):161–5.
  46. Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. 2003;133(1):257S-60S.
  47. Asbaghi O, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood pressure and endothelial function in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;931:175162.
  48. Khanal RC. Potential health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2004;17(9):1315–28.
  49. Den Hartigh LJ. Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: A review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):370.
  50. Eynard AR, Lopez CB. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) versus saturated fats/cholesterol: their proportion in fatty and lean meats may affect the risk of developing colon cancer. Lipids Health Dis. 2003;2:1–5.
  51. Lee KW, Lee HJ, Cho HY, Kim YJ. Role of the conjugated linoleic acid in the prevention of cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(2):135–44.
  52. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci. 1999;52(Suppl 1):107–10.
  53. Ing SW, Belury MA. Impact of conjugated linoleic acid on bone physiology: proposed mechanism involving inhibition of adipogenesis. Nutrition Reviews. 2011;69(3):123-131. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00376.x
  54. Song HJ, et al. Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(4):508–17.
  55. Arnould VM-R, Soyeurt H. Genetic variability of milk fatty acids. J Appl Genet. 2009;50:29–39.
  56. Peterson DG, Kelsey JA, Bauman DE. Analysis of variation in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(9):2164–72.
  57. Li M, Gao Q, Wang M, Liang Y, Sun Y, Chen Z, et al. Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Gene Are Associated with Milk Production Traits in Chinese Holstein Cows. Animals. 2020;10(4):671. doi:10.3390/ani10040671
  58. Kokić B, Rakita S, Vujetić J. Impact of Using Oilseed Industry Byproducts Rich in Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Ruminant Nutrition on Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animals. 2024;14(4):539. doi:10.3390/ani14040539
  59. Elgersma A. Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 2015;117(9):1345-1369. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400469
  60. Wei Z, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Cao J. The Effect of Rumen-Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Milk Composition and Milk Energy Output of Holstein Cows and Its Potential Mechanism. ACS Omega. 2024;9(47):47042-47051. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c07014
  61. Lourenço M, Ramos-Morales E, Wallace RJ. The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation. Animal. 2010;4(7):1008–23.
  62. Gebereyowhans S. Potential strategies to enhance conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and dairy products: A review. Heliyon. 2024;10(19):e38844. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38844
  63. Kishino S, Park S-B, Takeuchi M, Yokozeki K, Shimizu S, Ogawa J. Novel multi-component enzyme machinery in lactic acid bacteria catalyzing CC double bond migration useful for conjugated fatty acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;416(1–2):188–93.
  64. Nasrollahzadeh A, Mollaei Tavani S, Arjeh E, Jafari SM. Production of conjugated linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria; important factors and optimum conditions. Food Chemistry: X. 2023;20:100942. doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100942
Support