STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Research and Reviews : A Journal of Biotechnology Review Article

Recycling of Expired Chemical Drugs and Controlling of Organic Chemical Compounds

  1. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, College of Education
  2. Shireen Ridha Rasool Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon
  3. Ali Jassim Al-Zuhairi College of Engineering, Al-Musayab, University of Babylon, Babylon
  4. Noor Saad Jaafer Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls, Kufa University
  5. Marwah Tahseen Neamah Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls, Kufa University

Abstract

Expired chemicals in chemical medicines represent a big problem in chemical medicines and we must find ways to treat expired medicines. It proposes a new technology for reuse instead of burying it with ordinary waste or instead of burning it in the ovens of the soil company, The side effects of an expired medicine (its chemical substances are out of date and ineffective in healing) are any unwanted effects of the medicine. Although many new drugs target the disease more precisely than their predecessors, none of them have hit the target precisely so far. The use of most drugs causes several effects, but only one effect—a therapeutic—is usually required to treat the disorder. However, when using an over-the-counter drug that contains an antihistamine, drowsiness is considered a therapeutic effect. The goal of drug recycling is to take care of the environment. This is achieved by preventing drug residues from being dumped in public garbage and ending up polluting the soil and water. Another advantage of pharmaceutical recycling is that it helps save energy by recycling packaging and using its waste to produce energy. Now that you know how to dispose of expired medicines, whenever you check your medicine cabinet, go to the pharmacy to deposit it. The fake drug market has recently rebounded, with businesses promoting illegal drug recycling, which poses a threat to the health of millions of Egyptians, with the increasing quantities of expired drugs in pharmacies and the inability of some of them to dispose of them. Although the exact number of side effects of drugs is uncertain, they constitute a major and often preventable public health problem. Many new drugs target the disease more precisely than their predecessors

Keywords

References (33)

  1. Bekker CL, Gardarsdottir H, Egberts TCG, Bouvy ML, van den Bemt BJF. Redispensing of medicines unused by patients: a qualitative study among stakeholders. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2017;39(1):196-204. doi:10.1007/s11096-017-0424-8
  2. Should pharmacists be allowed to reuse medicines? Pharmaceutical Journal. 2018. doi:10.1211/pj.2018.20205091
  3. Hui TKL, Mohammed B, Donyai P, McCrindle R, Sherratt RS. Enhancing Pharmaceutical Packaging through a Technology Ecosystem to Facilitate the Reuse of Medicines and Reduce Medicinal Waste. Pharmacy. 2020;8(2):58. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8020058
  4. Fauzi MA, Hidayat R, Hidayat T. STORAGE ROOM TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY MONITORING IOT- BASED MEDICINE. TEKNOKOM. 2023;6(2):78-85. doi:10.31943/teknokom.v6i2.135
  5. Jawad DAM. Innovation, Preparation of Cephalexin Drug Derivatives and Studying of (Toxicity & Resistance of Infection). International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 2020;24(4):3754-3767. doi:10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201489
  6. Lück E, von Rymon Lipinski GW. Foods, 3. Food additives. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Press; 2002. Available at: https://doi10.1002/14356007.a11_561.
  7. Barrett JR. Diet & Nutrition: Hyperactive Ingredients? Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(12). doi:10.1289/ehp.115-a578
  8. Aljamali NM. "Origination of Macrocyclic Formazan with Macrocyclic Sulfazan and Triazan as Innovated Compounds and Compared Their efficiency Against Breast Cancer". Open Access Journal of Biomedical Science. 2022;4(1). doi:10.38125/oajbs.000383
  9. Evans G, de Challemaison B, Cox DN. Consumers’ ratings of the natural and unnatural qualities of foods. Appetite. 2010;54(3):557-563. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.014
  10. Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Sanz-Serrano J, Gil AG, Azqueta A. European Regulatory Framework and Safety Assessment of Food-Related Bioactive Compounds. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):613. doi:10.3390/nu12030613
  11. Mahmood NA. Synthesis of antifungal chemical compounds from fluconazole with (pharma-chemical) studying. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2017;8:564–73.
  12. Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL. The ancestral and industrialized gut microbiota and implications for human health. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019;17(6):383-390. doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0191-8
  13. Clark JH, Luque R, Matharu AS. Green Chemistry, Biofuels, and Biorefinery. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. 2012;3(1):183-207. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-062011-081014
  14. Mohammed SJ, Ali WH, Salih DH, Mahmood NA. The effect of temperature and drug storage methods on the chemical additives of drug. Int J Clin Res Rep. 2023;2.
  15. Kusturica MP, Sabo A, Tomic Z, Horvat O, Šolak Z. Storage and disposal of unused medications: knowledge, behavior, and attitudes among Serbian people. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2012;34(4):604-610. doi:10.1007/s11096-012-9652-0
  16. Mahmood AJ, Mahmood NA, Jwad SM. Development and preparation of ciprofloxacin drug derivatives for treatment of microbial contamination in hospitals and environment. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020;14:1115–22.
  17. Abbood DRA, Abd Ameer MZ. Silver biosynthesis, characterization, antioxidant and antihemolysis activity of nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using Cynophyta Alga extract (Spirulina platensis). J Alharf. 2023;19:103–14.
  18. Bronder E, Klimpel A. Unused drugs returned to the pharmacy – new data. Int. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2009. doi:10.5414/cpp39480
  19. Mahmood NA, Jawad AM, Kam I. Public health in hospitals. 1st ed. Eliva Press; 2020. ISBN: 9798636352129.
  20. Rusul Najm, JMH. Detection of virulence genes of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from different sources. J Alharf. 2023;18:130–8.
  21. Kennedy-Hendricks A, Gielen A, McDonald E, McGinty EE, Shields W, Barry CL. Medication Sharing, Storage, and Disposal Practices for Opioid Medications Among US Adults. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2016;176(7):1027. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2543
  22. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Green JL, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology. 2008;46(10):927-1057. doi:10.1080/15563650802559632
  23. Alnahas F, Yeboah P, Fliedel L, Abdin AY, Alhareth K. Expired Medication: Societal, Regulatory and Ethical Aspects of a Wasted Opportunity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(3):787. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030787
  24. Hui TKL, Mohammed B, Donyai P, McCrindle R, Sherratt RS. Enhancing Pharmaceutical Packaging through a Technology Ecosystem to Facilitate the Reuse of Medicines and Reduce Medicinal Waste. Pharmacy. 2020;8(2):58. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8020058
  25. Hind AA, Samira KH. Isolation and identification of Proteus mirabilis bacteria from different clinical sources and investigation of some of their virulence factors. J Alharf. 2023;18:148–60.
  26. Maruyama N, Munegumi T. Cicada Shells as Chemical Education Resources to Study Functional Groups and Environmental Cycles. World Journal of Chemical Education. 2023;11(4):127-133. doi:10.12691/wjce-11-4-1
  27. Hui TKL, Donyai P, McCrindle R, Sherratt RS. Enabling Medicine Reuse Using a Digital Time Temperature Humidity Sensor in an Internet of Pharmaceutical Things Concept. Sensors. 2020;20(11):3080. doi:10.3390/s20113080
  28. Bekker CL, Gardarsdottir H, Egberts ACG, Molenaar HA, Bouvy ML, van den Bemt BJF, et al. What does it cost to redispense unused medications in the pharmacy? A micro-costing study. BMC Health Services Research. 2019;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4065-6
  29. Franklin GF, Gray K, Nathwani D. Provision of Drugs for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of HIV for Medical Students on Overseas Electives. Journal of Infection. 2001;43(3):191-194. doi:10.1053/jinf.2001.0903
  30. Hui TKL, Mohammed B, Donyai P, McCrindle R, Sherratt RS. Enhancing Pharmaceutical Packaging through a Technology Ecosystem to Facilitate the Reuse of Medicines and Reduce Medicinal Waste. Pharmacy. 2020;8(2):58. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8020058
  31. Nemah Sahib Mohammed Husien, Nagham Mahmood Aljamali. Designation of Nano-Analytical Reagents and Evaluation of Nano-Applications. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. 2024;116(2):27-40. doi:10.37934/arfmts.116.2.2740
  32. Alhamad H, Patel N, Donyai P. Towards Medicines Reuse: A Narrative Review of the Different Therapeutic Classes and Dosage Forms of Medication Waste in Different Countries. Pharmacy. 2020;8(4):230. doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040230
  33. Bekker CL, Gardarsdottir H, Egberts ACG, Molenaar HA, Bouvy ML, van den Bemt BJF, et al. What does it cost to redispense unused medications in the pharmacy? A micro-costing study. BMC Health Services Research. 2019;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4065-6
Support