STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Journal of Polymer & Composites Original Research Special issue Open Access

Strategic Enhancement of Composite Strength Explored Through Comprehensive Integration of Flax Fiber and Cenosphere in Epoxy Resin Matrices

  1. Vikram Kedambadi Vasu* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bengaluru,
  2. Sudheer Reddy J. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bengaluru,

Abstract

The Current research delves into the mechanical attributes of composite specimens, integrating flax fiber and cenosphere fillers within an epoxy resin matrix catalyzed by K-6 hardener. Executing a meticulous approach involving a vacuum bagging method and a specific formulation of 10 wt.% cenosphere, 50% epoxy resin, and 40% flax fibers, the study rigorously scrutinized tensile and flexural strengths. Notably, the first specimen exhibited a peak tensile strength of 94.329 MPa, while the second recorded 83.374 MPa. Additionally, corresponding flexural strengths reached 97.05 MPa and 78.32 MPa. Comparative analyses with prior literature underscored the superior strength of the current composite material, particularly in contrast to formulations involving hemp fibers. This investigation also suggests the proThe Current research delves into the mechanical attributes of composite specimens, integrating flax fiber and cenosphere fillers within an epoxy resin matrix catalyzed by K-6 hardener. Executing a meticulous approach involving a vacuum bagging method and a specific formulation of 10 wt.% cenosphere, 50% epoxy resin, and 40% flax fibers, the study rigorously scrutinized tensile and flexural strengths. Notably, the first specimen exhibited a peak tensile strength of 94.329 MPa, while the second recorded 83.374 MPa. Additionally, corresponding flexural strengths reached 97.05 MPa and 78.32 MPa. Comparative analyses with prior literature underscored the superior strength of the current composite material, particularly in contrast to formulations involving hemp fibers. This investigation also suggests the promising application of the composite in replacing plastic mud guards for bicycles and bikes, owing to its heightened tensile strength and eco-friendly nature.mising application of the composite in replacing plastic mud guards for bicycles and bikes, owing to its heightened tensile strength and eco-friendly nature.

Keywords

References (51)

  1. Nath S, Jena H, Priyanka, Sahini D. Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Jute Epoxy Composite with Cenosphere Filler. Silicon. 2018;11(2):659-671. doi:10.1007/s12633-018-9941-x
  2. Kumarasamy SP, Vijayananth K, Thankachan T, Pudhupalayam Muthukutti G. Investigations on mechanical and machinability behavior of aluminum/flyash cenosphere/Gr hybrid composites processed through compocasting. Journal of Applied Research and Technology. 2017;15(5):430-441. doi:10.1016/j.jart.2017.05.005
  3. Anilkumar PR, Manjunatha LH, Venkategowda T. Dynamic mechanical analysis of graphene and nano silica reinforced hybrid epoxy composites under dual cantilever mode. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022;54:402-408. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.467
  4. Devi GR, Palanikumar K. Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Unidirectional Glass Fibre Reinforced Aluminium Sandwich Laminate. Silicon. 2018;10(5):2329-2340. doi:10.1007/s12633-018-9768-5
  5. Venkategowda T, Manjunatha LH, Anilkumar PR. Dynamic mechanical behavior of natural fibers reinforced polymer matrix composites – A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022;54:395-401. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.465
  6. Hang X, Li Y, Hao X, Li N, Wen Y. Effects of temperature profiles of microwave curing processes on mechanical properties of carbon fibre–reinforced composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 2015;231(8):1332-1340. doi:10.1177/0954405415596142
  7. Praveena, B.A.; Balachandra, P.S.; Sachin, B.; al., Physical and mechanical properties, morphological behaviour of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polyester resin composites. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 2020, 6, 1–13.
  8. Praveena, B.A.; Balachandra, P.S.; Vinayaka, N.; al., Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polymer composites. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 2020, 6, 1–16.
  9. Rampur VV, Banagar AR, Ganesh UL, Srinivas CV, Reur. SC. Mechanical characterization of wood apple and coconut shell reinforced hybrid composites. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020;2247:040001. doi:10.1063/5.0003833
  10. Nithyanandam A, Deivarajan T. Development of fly ash cenosphere‐based composite for thermal insulation application. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2021;18(5):1825-1831. doi:10.1111/ijac.13767
  11. Praveena, B.A.; Shetty, B.P.; Sachin, B.; al., Physical and mechanical properties, morphological be-haviour of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polyester resin composites. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 2020, 6, 1–14
  12. Praveena, B.A.; Shetty, B.P.; Akshay, A.S.; al., Experimental study on mechanical properties of pineapple and banana leaf fiber reinforced hybrid composites. AIP Conf. Proc. 2020, 2274, 030015.
  13. Saxena M, Pappu A, Sharma A, Haque R, Wankhede S. Composite Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials. Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials. 2011. doi:10.5772/18264
  14. Kushnoore S, Kamitkar N, Atgur V, Uppin MS, Satishkumar M. A Review on Utilization of Light Weight Fly Ash Cenosphere as Filler in both Polymer and Alloy-Based Composites. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research. 2020;3(2). doi:10.30564/jmer.v3i2.1737
  15. Raj EFI, Appadurai M, Ram V, Gnaniah AM, Salkuti SR. Natural-Fibre-Reinforced Composite-Based Micro-Size Wind Turbines: Numerical Analysis and Feasibility Study. Journal of Composites Science. 2023;7(5):197. doi:10.3390/jcs7050197
  16. Islam MZ, Sarker ME, Rahman MM, Islam MR, Ahmed ATMF, Mahmud MS, et al. Green composites from natural fibers and biopolymers: A review on processing, properties, and applications. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2022;41(13-14):526-557. doi:10.1177/07316844211058708
  17. Rajkumar D, Mahesh V, Joladarashi S, Kulkarni SM. Parametric study on impact behaviour of sisal and cenosphere reinforced natural rubber-based hybrid composites: FE approach. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;46:8767-8771. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.090
  18. Ramesh M, Palanikumar K, Reddy KH. Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013;48:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.12.004
  19. Santosh Kumar, D.S.; Praveen, B.A.; KiranAithal, S.; et. al., Development of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2015.
  20. Patil, S.S.; Praveen, B.A.; Kempaiah, U.N.; et. al., Fabrication and characterization of Kevlar/jute reinforced epoxy. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2017
  21. Jena H, Pradhan AK, Pandit MK. Study of Solid Particle Erosion Wear Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite with Cenosphere Filler. Advances in Polymer Technology. 2016;37(3):761-769. doi:10.1002/adv.21718
  22. Du Y, Wu T, Yan N, et al., Fabrication and characterization of fully biodegradable natural fiberreinforced poly (lactic acid) composites, Compos Part B Eng, 2014, 56:717–723. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. compo sitesb. 2013. 09. 012
  23. Mahesh V, Joladarashi S, Kulkarni SM, A comprehensive review on material selection for polymer matrix composites subjected to impact load, Def Technol, 2020, 17:257–277.
  24. Rajkumar D, Mahesh V, Joladarashi S, et al., A novel flexible green composite with sisal and natural rubber: investigation under low-velocity impact, J Nat Fibers., 2022, https://doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 15440 478. 2022. 20362 92
  25. Anilthota, H.G.; Praveena, B.A. Processing and characterization of green composites using sisal and palm fibres. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Comput. IJESC 2017, 7, 4262–4265.
  26. Nagaraja, S.; Bindiganavile Anand, P.; Mahadeva Naik, R.N.; et, al., Effect of aging on the biopolymer composites: Mechanisms, modes and characterization. Compos. 2022, 43, 4115–4125.
  27. Praveena BA, Santhosh N, Archana DP, Buradi A, Raj EFI, Chanakyan C, et al. Influence of Nanoclay Filler Material on the Tensile, Flexural, Impact, and Morphological Characteristics of Jute/E‐Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Polyester‐Based Hybrid Composites: Experimental, Modeling, and Optimization Study. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2022;2022(1). doi:10.1155/2022/1653449
  28. Ahmed KS, Vijayarangan S., Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites, J Mater Process Technol, 2008, 207:330–335. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jmatp rotec. 2008. 06. 038
  29. Mahesh V, Mahesh V, Harursampath D., Influence of alkali treatment on physio-mechanical properties of jute–epoxy composite, Adv Mater Process Technol, 2021, 00:1–12. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 23740 68X. 2021.19346 43
  30. Chand S., Review carbon fibers for composites., J Mater Sci, 2000, 35:1303–1313. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1023/A: 10047 80301 489
  31. Mimura K, Ito H, Fujioka H, Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties by control of morphologies in PES-modified epoxy resins, Polymer, 2000, 41:4451–4459. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/S0032- 3861(99) 00700-4
  32. Robinson AL, Buckley SG, Baxter LL. Experimental Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of Ash Deposits: Part 1. Measurement Technique. Energy & Fuels. 2000;15(1):66-74. doi:10.1021/ef000036c
  33. Suresha B, Chandramohan G, Jayaraju ST., Influence of cenosphere filler additions on the three-body abrasive wear behavior of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, Polym Compos, 2008, 29:307–312. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ pc. 20380
  34. Raghavendra G, Ojha S, Acharya SK, et al., Evaluation of mechanical behaviour of nanometer and micrometer fly ash particle-filled woven bidirectional jute/glass hybrid nanocomposites., J Ind Text, 2016, 45:1268–1287. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/15280 83714 557058
  35. Santhosh, N.; Praveena, B.A.; Srikanth, H.V.; et. al., Experimental investigations on static, dynamic, and morphological characteristics of bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites. J. Polym. Sci. 2022, 2022, 1916877.
  36. Kedambadi, V.K.; Praveena, B.A.; Abdulrajak, B.; Study on characterization of mechanical, thermal properties, machinability and biodegerability of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and its applications, recent developments and future potentials: A comprehensive review. Today Proc. 2021, 52, 1255–1259
  37. Srikanth, H.V.; Praveena, B.A.; Santhosh, N.; et. al., Experimental Investigation on Density and Volume Fraction of Void, and Mechanical Characteristics of Areca Nut Leaf Sheath Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. J. Polym. Sci. 2022, 2022, 6445022.
  38. Anand PB, Nagaraja S, Jayaram N, Sreenivasa SP, Almakayeel N, Khan TMY, et al. Kenaf Fiber and Hemp Fiber Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Filler-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites for Biomedical Applications: Morphological and Mechanical Characterization. Journal of Composites Science. 2023;7(8):324. doi:10.3390/jcs7080324
  39. Ahmed KS, Mallinatha V, Amith SJ., et. al., Effect of ceramic fillers on mechanical properties of woven jute fabric reinforced epoxy composites, J Reinf Plast Compos, 2011, 30:1315–1326. https://doi. org/ 10. 1177/ 07316 84411 420606
  40. Jena H, Pandit MK, Pradhan AK. Study the Impact Property of Laminated Bamboo-Fibre Composite Filled with Cenosphere. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 2012:456-459. doi:10.7763/ijesd.2012.v3.266
  41. Aithal NU, Mahesh V, Mahesh V, Ponnusami SA, Harursampath D. Development and mechanical characterization of cenosphere-reinforced CFRP and natural rubber core sandwich composite. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2023;45(9). doi:10.1007/s40430-023-04424-2
  42. Yontar AK, Çevik S. Electrospray deposited plant-based polymer nanocomposite coatings with enhanced antibacterial activity for Ti-6Al-4V implants. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2024;186:107965. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107965
  43. Jaworek A, Sobczyk AT, Czech T, Marchewicz A, Krupa A. Recovery of cenospheres from solid waste produced by coal-fired power plants. Cleaner Waste Systems. 2023;6:100109. doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2023.100109
  44. Thakur AK, Kaviti AK, Aseer JR. Comparative Studies on Mechanical Performance of Epoxy and Polyester Hybrid Composites with Jute and Glass Layers. Materials Science Forum. 2021;1045:226-230. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1045.226" rel="nofollow">doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1045.226
  45. Amjad A, Anjang Ab Rahman A, Awais H, Zainol Abidin MS, Khan J. A review investigating the influence of nanofiller addition on the mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of cellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composite. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2021;51(1_suppl):65S-100S. doi:10.1177/15280837211057580
  46. Kuljanin-Jakovljević J, Stojanović Z, Nedeljković JM. Influence of CdS-filler on the thermal properties of poly(methyl methacrylate). Journal of Materials Science. 2006;41(15):5014-5016. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0111-y
  47. Hou H, Su L, Guo D, Xu H. Resource utilization of solid waste for the collaborative reduction of pollution and carbon emissions: Case study of fly ash. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023;383:135449. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135449
  48. Shan L, Tan CY, Shen X, Ramesh S, Zarei MS, Kolahchi R, et al. The effects of nano-additives on the mechanical, impact, vibration, and buckling/post-buckling properties of composites: A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2023;24:7570-7598. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.267
  49. Naqvi SZ, Ramkumar J, Kar KK. Fly ash/glass fiber/carbon fiber-reinforced thermoset composites. Handbook of Fly Ash. 2022:373-400. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817686-3.00023-2
  50. Ramnath BV, Kesavan A, Chinnadurai E. Mechanical and thermal properties of PVC and polyurethane foam hybrid composites. Materials Testing. 2020;62(5):544-552. doi:10.3139/120.111513
  51. Sharma A, Choudhary M, Agarwal P, Biswas SK, Patnaik A. Review on erosion wear characteristic of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;44:4795-4800. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.395
Support