Journal of Microcontroller Engineering and Applications Review Article
Smart Home Automation Using IoT: Sensor Networks, Edge Control and AI-Assisted Energy Management
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed home automation by enabling interconnected sensors, appliances, embedded controllers, gateways, and cloud services to operate as an integrated system. This paper presents a practical architecture for smart home automation using IoT, emphasizing electrical and electronic sensing, embedded control, wireless communication, edge-cloud coordination, and lightweight artificial intelligence. The proposed framework integrates temperature, motion, illumination, gas, door- status, and energy sensors with microcontrollers and gateway nodes for real-time monitoring and automated control. Communication technologies, including Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Thread, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Matter, support reliable device connectivity and interoperability. Artificial intelligence and machine- learning techniques are applied selectively to occupancy estimation, energy forecasting, anomaly detection, and user preference learning. Safety-critical operations rely on deterministic control rules and manual overrides to ensure system reliability and user safety. Seven conceptual diagrams illustrate the system architecture, event-to-action workflow, AI-assisted context loop, energy management, security mechanisms, interoperability, and electrical-electronics integration with edge and cloud computing. The paper also reviews representative sensors, automation functions, communication protocols, cybersecurity measures, and a phased implementation roadmap. The proposed approach aims to provide students and beginners with a scalable, cost-effective, and practical foundation for developing smart homes that improve convenience, energy efficiency, security, reliability, and future expandability while supporting flexible integration of additional devices and emerging technologies.
Keywords
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