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Trends in Opto-electro & Optical Communication Review Article

Quantum Key Distribution in Optical Fiber Communication: A Study

  1. Kazi Sultanabanu Sayyad Liyakat Department of General Science and Engineering, Brahmdevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur
  2. Kazi Kutubuddin Sayyad Liyakat Department of General Science and Engineering

Abstract

The relentless march of technological advancements, particularly in the realm of quantum computing, stances a noteworthy threat to security of existing cryptographic systems. Traditional encryption methods, like RSA and AES, trust on mathematical problems considered computationally hard for computers. However, sufficiently powerful quantum computers could render these systems vulnerable to attacks, jeopardizing the confidentiality of sensitive data transmitted over optical fiber networks. This looming threat has spurred significant research and development into alternative security paradigms, with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) emerging as promising solution. QKD leverages the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics, specifically principles of Superposition and Entanglement, to generate and distribute cryptographic keys. Unlike classical cryptography that depends on mathematical complexity, QKD's security is rooted in Laws of Physics. Any effort by an observer to catch or measures quantum signals used to transmit the key will inevitably add detectable disturbances, notifying the legitimate parties and compromising the key. The most common QKD protocols, like BB84 and E91, utilize polarized photons to represent quantum bits (qubits). These photons are transmitted through optical fibers between two parties, usually referred to as Alice (the sender) and Bob (the receiver). Alice randomly encodes each photon with one of several possible polarization states, representing either a '0' or a '1' in different bases. Bob, on the receiving end, randomly processes polarization of each photon using detectors aligned with different bases.

Keywords

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