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Trends in Drug Delivery Review Article

Nano-Therapeutics in Diabetes Mellitus: Revolutionizing Diagnosis, Treatment, and Drug Delivery

  1. Sujeet Kumar Thakur Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh
  2. Kamalesh Mistry Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh
  3. Dhananjay Mistry Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which blood glucose concentration remains high over an extended duration, resulting in significant lethal complications, including neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. However, conventional diabetes management strategies, including insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents, rarely exhibit poor bioavailability, high doses, off target delivery, etc. Nanotechnology has brought the rise of diabetes treatment revolution, by overcoming the challenges present in standard treatment, owing to the emergence of nanotechnology, which has allowed precise drug delivery, real time glucose monitoring and regenerative therapy. In this review, nanotechnology roles in diabetes are discussed with regards to two of its three dimensions; specifically, the existing nano-based therapeutics, drug delivery systems and biosensing technologies in the management of diabetic condition. The recent advances in the polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, hydrogels and metallic nanoparticles have greatly enhanced insulin delivery, non-insulin drug delivery, and glucose monitoring. Furthermore, artificial intelligence hybridized nanomedicine is personalized diabetes management by improving treatment strategies and predictive analytics. To thoroughly review recent trends in nano-therapeutics for diabetes, extensive literature review on Scopus and SCI indexed journals was performed for the identification of certain parameters, like bioavailability, drug release kinetics, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. Controlled and targeted drug delivery is one of the powerful features utilized by nanotechnology to better treat diabetes. Improved insulin stability and prolonged systemic circulation of polymeric nanoparticles and lipid based nanocarriers, real time glucose monitoring using glucose responsive nanocarriers and biosensors have reduced risks of hypo and hyperglycemia. With respect to the application of regenerative nanomedicine, such as stem cell loaded nanoparticles and gene therapy, regenerative nanomedicine has emerged as a new direction for pancreatic beta cell regeneration and as a potential curative treatment for diabetes. However, there are many challenges to patient use, such as large-scale manufacture, regulatory approvals and long-term safety issues that need to be overcome before clinical translation. The future research should concentrate on designing hybrid nanoplatforms, biodegradable nanocarriers and AI integrated nano diagnostics to improve personalized diabetes care.

Keywords

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