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37 articles for “Black-hole”
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Black Hole and Accretion Disks:Observational Discoveries and Theoretical Frameworks
Abstract: This review covers the essential elements of black hole accretion disk theory, beginning with the primary objective of understanding the complex nature of black holes. We delve into how key features of strong gravity, such as the event horizon, innermost stable circular orbit, and ergosphere, manifest in accretion disks. This review revisits the physical mechanisms driving accretion disks and presents four main models: thin disks, Shakura-Sunyaev disks, advection-dominated accretion flows …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Mobile Ad Hoc Network Gray Hole and Black Hole Attack Detection and Defences: Review
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure less dynamic network which is created on demand. MANET is an assembly of mobile nodes which is a temporary network. Mobile nodes frequently come and go out of the network. Because of self-motivated or mobility in nature, nodes are very important factor for the security perspective. In this paper, a review on a various type of network attacks, such as black hole …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2016 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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LWG Theory of Black Holes for Interpretation and Analysis
Abstract: Black holes are devils of galaxy which can harvest the fabric of space and time to the void of infinity. Light may not come out of the black holes due to the facts sparsely known to the human intelligence. We often strain ourselves to look into the unknown and land in a conclusion which marks our statute towards the human capability. This study proposes theories which may likely control what …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics · Vol. 8, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 10–13 Read article
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Detection of Black Hole Attacks in MANET: A Novel Control Packet Approach
Abstract: Abstract: MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) could be a network that is infrastructure-less and therefore the nodes during this network will solely communicate with farther nodes in multi-hop manner. The nodes possess the property of quality and route is created on ad-hoc basis as per requirements. Because of this characteristic nature of MANET, it is susceptible to several routing and security attacks. The foremost hazardous and customary among those attacks …
Published in Journal of Advancements in Robotics · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 14–24 Read article
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An Enhance Approach to Mitigate the Impact of Black Hole and Gray Hole Attacks in AODV Routing Protocol
Abstract: Wireless network has become more and more popular during the past decades. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is integrating of mobile nodes, in which the packets are forwarded without any centralized network authority. The devices are connected via wireless medium. Due to this, characteristic security is high risk because packets are easily trapped in the network. There is no pledge of attack free communication due to heterogeneity in the …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 9–16 Read article
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Cooperation Based Mechanism to Contrast Black Hole Attack in DTN
Abstract: AbstractDelay tolerant network (DTN) has intermittent node connectivity and nodes are highly mobile. Most often DTN behaves abnormally due to the presence of various malicious nodes and because of challenging environment they try to gain the benefit of presenting itself as a normal node. In this thesis, we focused on black hole attack. A black hole node silently removes or drops the packets without acknowledging the source and destination. When …
Published in Journal of Web Engineering & Technology · Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2016 · pp. 17–20 Read article
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Black Hole Attack in MANET
Abstract: AbstractWireless network in today’s era is increasing day by day, with the rising need of wireless connectivity the threat of attack on the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is also increasing. MANET Routing protocols suffer from different kind of attacks on all the layers of protocol stack. One of such attack which occurs at network layer is Black Hole Attack [1]. Black hole attack is one of the security issues in …
Published in Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2017 · pp. 29–31 Read article
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A Reputation based Scheme to Detect a Black Hole Attack in MANET
Abstract: MANET is wireless network in which an end to end path is present between Network Security to MANET is wide problem. A black hole attack is an attack which drops the packets or provides wrong routing information to disturb routing process. In this paper we propose a new reputation based scheme to detect a black hole attack in MANET. In this scheme with the help of reputation of node we …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 27–31 Read article
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A Threshold Based Scheme to Detect Black Hole Attack in DTN
Abstract: Security in DTN is a challenging task. Numbers of misbehaving attacks are present in the network. In this paper we focus on Black Hole attack with the problem of misbehaving and propose a solution based on the concept of threshold and validation. Each node maintains a local value called status of node. A node “status” is the delivery probability of nodes so doing, a misbehaving node is not chosen even …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 12–19 Read article
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Detection and Prevention of Black hole attack using DYMO in MANETs
Abstract: MANETs is a network with set of mobile nodes acting as routers, relay or terminal to liaise via radio communication in a mobile environment. Black hole is an active malicious attack, in which attacker either stop or drop packets transmitted to the destination. The attacker tries to divert traffic to itself by advertising with extra privileges in the network, viz. the shortest path to destination or by pretending to have …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2018 · pp. 8–16 Read article
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Multi Base Station optimized Positioning for Black Hole Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract: AbstractA wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed autonomous sensors to monitor environmental or physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to pass your data to the main location through the network data through the network to the main location. Modern networks are bidirectional. They also allow control of sensor activity. So, the main problem for this is security, since some attacks are presented in the network to …
Published in Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology · Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2018 · pp. 19–26 Read article
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Black Hole and Gray Hole Detection and Prevention by Using Table Driven Knowledge Based Approach
Abstract: MANET is gain popularity now a days, its vulnerable for attack black hole attack is one of the security threat in MANET in which attacker node attract the traffic and then drop all the packets gray hole attack some time behave like malicious node to determine this behavior is very tough. In this paper we use table driven knowledge based approach on behavior of node and store the path information …
Published in Journal of Multimedia Technology & Recent Advancements · Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2015 · pp. 6–13 Read article
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An Innovative Methodology to Detect and Prevent Black Hole Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract: Due to the particular characteristics, wireless sensor network (WSN) is severely unsafe and are receptive malicious attacks. One amongst the foremost malicious threats to WSN is within the sort of part attack that focuses on the routing protocols. This genre of attacks will have an awfully serious impact on ranked routing protocols. A range of security solutions is place forth to safeguard WSNs from part attacks. However, a majority of …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2016 · pp. 23–27 Read article
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The Emerging Golden Age of Astrophysics: Progress, Discoveries, and Future Directions
Abstract: The period between 2024 and 2026 has marked a transformative era in astrophysics, fundamentally reshaping our understanding of the universe and its underlying physical mechanisms. Significant advancements in observational astronomy, computational modeling, and space exploration technologies have enabled scientists to investigate cosmic phenomena with unprecedented precision. Among the most groundbreaking achievements, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided high-resolution infrared observations that revealed the large-scale distribution of dark matter, …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 6–9 Read article
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Detection and Prevention of Grey-hole Attack in MANET
Abstract: The basic thing for keeping communication between mobile nodes in a harmful environment is security. Due to changing topology of MANET, it is usable to both, pernicious attackers and proper network users. Within the existence of deadly nodes, one of the leading threats in MANET is to outline the robust security resolution that can keep MANET from certain routing attacks. Indeed, these outcomes are not fitting for MANET resource constraints, …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 29–35 Read article
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A Suite of Security Mechanisms for Security and Privacy in MANET
Abstract: AbstractReputation of mobile strategies and wireless networks has significantly increased; wireless mobile networks have become popular and vigorous fields of message and link ages from many the years. MANET is the novel advance invention which allows clients to connect without any bodily infrastructure, irrespective of their location, that is why it is quantified as an “infrastructure-less” network. In the past few years, we have seen huge amount of wireless infrastructures …
Published in Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2019 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Gravitational Waves: Heralding a Transformative and Unprecedented Era in Astrophysical Observation and Exploration
Abstract: Gravitational waves, first theorized by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity in 1916, are disturbances in spacetime caused by the acceleration of massive objects. Their first direct observation in 2015 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) marked a groundbreaking achievement in astrophysics and created a new way to explore the universe. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of gravitational waves, including their theoretical foundation, sources, detection techniques, and implications …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 16–22 Read article
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High-Energy Astrophysics: Exploring the Extreme Universe Through Radiation, Relativistic Phenomena, and Cosmic Cataclysms
Abstract: High-energy astrophysics is a fast-developing area of astrophysical research dedicated to exploring the universe’s most powerful and extreme events. It involves investigating dense and energetic cosmic objects and phenomena, including black holes, neutron stars, supernova remnants, gamma-ray bursts, and active galactic nuclei. These sources emit radiation predominantly in the X-ray and gamma-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and are often associated with high-energy particles, including cosmic rays and neutrinos. Investigating …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 10–15 Read article
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Routing Protocols and Blackhole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network: A Survey
Abstract: AbstractMANET is a dynamic, decentralized and infrastructure-less network. Any node can link the network and go away from the network at any point of time. In MANET, there is no infrastructure therefore every node acts as a host and router. They are related to each other via peer-to-peer network. Decentralized means there is nothing like client and server. Each and every node acts like a client and a server. Each …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 4, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 33–40 Read article
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A Survey on Various Applications and Blackhole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Abstract: The present Mobile Ad hoc Networks known to be (MANETs) become well-liked issue for researchers, and distinctive studies have been prepared to raise introduction of ad hoc networks. In the MANET nodes are bargain to promote packets for each other impart more distant than to their scope of transmission. The mobile node is conveying through each other without some kind of foundation. MANET is an alluring technology for some applications, …
Published in Recent Trends in Parallel Computing · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 1–6 Read article