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Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology Review Article

Review of Research on Pozzolanic Materials for Cement Blending and Concrete Applications

  1. Yogesh Tiwari
  2. Rakesh Kumar Rajak,

Abstract

The growing environmental concerns associated with cement production, particularly its high carbon footprint, have driven research into sustainable alternatives such as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) derived from agricultural and industrial waste. This study synthesizes findings from recent investigations into the pozzolanic potential of basil plant ash (BPA), rice husk ash (RHA), and stockpiled fly ash (FA), evaluating their processing methods, microstructural characteristics, and performance in concrete applications. BPA, being derived by controlled thermal processing, exhibited the best reactivity at 700°C and improved significantly the compressive as well as tensile strength of ultra-high-performance concrete and increased durability. RHA, treated by calibrated grinding and calcining, delivered high amorphous silica content and pozzolanic activity, resulting in significant early-age gain in strength and lowered porosity. FA, typically low-grade because of storage for extended periods, was rejuvenated via mechanical activation (milling), which enhanced surface area and reactivity and rendered it an effective SCM for typical mortar use. The three materials showed decreased permeability, enhanced microstructure, and hydration process compatibility, leading to long-term durability of concrete. Aside from technical advantages, application of these materials meets key environmental objectives by lowering CO₂ emissions, reducing industrial and agricultural waste, and saving natural resources. They also represent low-cost solutions to conventional cement components economically, supporting circular economy and sustainable development principles. However, consistent performance depends heavily on optimized processing, standardized treatment protocols, and further validation of long-term behavior. This study concludes that BPA, RHA, and FA hold strong promise as sustainable SCMs and encourages further interdisciplinary research to advance green concrete technologies through scalable, cost- effective, and environmentally responsible practices.

Keywords

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