STM Journals Peer-reviewed research from Consortium e-Learning Network

Research and Reviews : Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology Original Research

In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Leaf and Root Extracts of Macaranga Barteri Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) In Swiss Albino Mice

  1. Fayia R. Samukai Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Research and Drug Development, Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan
  2. J. Samuel Kamanda Department of Public Health Dentistry, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh
  3. Nicholas K. Gikonyo Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Kenyatta University
  4. Michael A. Odeniyi Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan

Abstract

Background: Macaranga barteri Müll. Arg. is a perennial plant in the family Euphorbiaceae and is used in African traditional medicine for the management of several ailments, including diabetes. Although the leaves and stem bark have been studied for various pharmacological activities, little is known about the therapeutic value of the roots.

Objective: This study evaluated the in vivo hypoglycemic activity of aqueous leaf and root extracts of M. barteri in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice and assessed their safety following repeated oral administration.

Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves and roots of M. barteri were collected, authenticated, air-dried, and extracted with distilled water by hot maceration. Diabetes was induced in Swiss albino mice using intraperitoneal alloxan monohydrate, and diabetic animals were treated orally with leaf or root extracts at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight for seven days. Glibenclamide served as the reference drug. A 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study was also conducted in healthy mice using doses of 200, 346, and 600 mg/kg body weight. Body weight, relative organ weights, hematological indices, and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function were evaluated.

Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and coumarins. Both leaf and root extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, with effects comparable to glibenclamide. The leaf extract showed the greatest glucose-lowering effect at 200 mg/kg body weight, whereas the root extract was most active at 100 mg/kg body weight. In the 28-day toxicity study, neither extract produced marked adverse effects on body weight, organ-to-body weight ratios, hematological parameters, or biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that aqueous leaf and root extracts of M. barteri possess significant hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice and appear relatively safe following repeated oral administration at the tested doses. These results support the traditional use of M. barteri in the management of hyperglycemia and provide a basis for further pharmacological and clinical investigations.

Keywords

References (49)

  1. Oh SH, Ku H, Park KS. Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults: a population-based study using administrative data. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10450-3
  2. Webber S. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;102:[page147–148]. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.10.013.
  3. Zhao C, Yang C, Wai STC, Zhang Y, P. Portillo M, Paoli P, et al. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2018;59(6):830-847. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658
  4. Gospin R, Leu JP, Zonszein J. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Diabetes. Principles of Diabetes Mellitus. 2017:123-138. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18741-9_7
  5. American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association guide to nutrition therapy for diabetes. Alexandria (VA): American Diabetes Association; 2012.
  6. Wajid S, Menaka M, Ahmed F, Samreen S. A literature review on oral hypoglycemic drugs – mechanistic aspects.
  7. SYED WAJID, MENAKA M, FAZIL AHMED, SANA SAMREEN. A LITERATURE REVIEW ON ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS – MECHANISTIC ASPECTS. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019:5-10. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i11.35469
  8. on behalf of the Feel4Diabetes-study Group, Kyrou I, Tsigos C, Mavrogianni C, Cardon G, Van Stappen V, et al. Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for type 2 diabetes: a narrative review with emphasis on data from Europe. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2020;20(S1). doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0463-3
  9. Verma AK, Goyal Y, Bhatt D, Dev K, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH, et al. A Compendium of Perspectives on Diabetes: A Challenge for Sustainable Health in the Modern Era. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2021;Volume14:2775-2787. doi:10.2147/dmso.s304751
  10. Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9
  11. Salleh NH, Zulkipli IN, Mohd Yasin H, Ja’afar F, Ahmad N, Wan Ahmad WAN, et al. Systematic Review of Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Diabetes in Human Clinical Trials: An ASEAN Perspective. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021;2021:1-10. doi:10.1155/2021/5570939
  12. World Health Organization. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
  13. Joseph JM. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Macaranga: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2014;8(12):489-503. doi:10.5897/jmpr2014.5396
  14. Ogundajo AL, Ashafa AOT. Chemical profiling, antioxidant and carbohydrate-metabolising enzymes inhibitory potential of fractions from the leaves of Macaranga barteri Mull.-Arg. Trans R Soc S Afr. 2019;74(1):27-37. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2018.155221
  15. Hwang LC. An environmental and economic approach to the development of [dissertation]. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; 2017
  16. Hwang LC, Juliani HR, Govindasamy R, Simon JE. Traditional Botanical Uses of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in Seven Counties in Liberia. ACS Symposium Series. 2020:3-43. doi:10.1021/bk-2020-1361.ch001
  17. Segun PA, Ogbole OO, Ismail FMD, Nahar L, Evans AR, Ajaiyeoba EO, et al. Bioassay-guided isolation and structure elucidation of cytotoxic stilbenes and flavonols from the leaves of Macaranga barteri. Fitoterapia. 2019;134:151-157. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.019
  18. Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching. Animal Behaviour. 2012;83(1):301-309. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.10.031
  19. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee policies and procedures manual. Office of Research and Economic Development; University of Wyoming, 2015 Jun.
  20. Ighodaro OM, Adeosun AM, Akinloye OA. Alloxan-induced diabetes, a common model for evaluating the glycemic-control potential of therapeutic compounds and plants extracts in experimental studies. Medicina. 2017;53(6):365-374. doi:10.1016/j.medici.2018.02.001
  21. Kharchoufa L, Bouhrim M, Bencheikh N, El Assri S, Amirou A, Yamani A, et al. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of the aqueous extract from Haloxylon scoparium Pomel (Hammada scoparia Pomel) by oral administration in rodents. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:Article ID 4020647.
  22. Ekanayake CP, Thammitiyagodage MG, Padumadasa S, Seneviratne B, Padumadasa C, Abeysekera AM. Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of the Ethyl Acetate Soluble Proanthocyanidins of the Immature Inflorescence of Cocos nucifera L. in Female Wistar Rats. BioMed Research International. 2019;2019:1-12. doi:10.1155/2019/8428304
  23. Silva‐Santana G, Bax JC, Fernandes DCS, Bacellar DTL, Hooper C, Dias AASO, et al. Clinical hematological and biochemical parameters in Swiss, BALB/c, C57BL/6 and B6D2F1 Mus musculus. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine. 2020;3(4):304-315. doi:10.1002/ame2.12139
  24. Becker FG, Cleary M, Team RM, Holtermann H, et al. Clinical pathology and laboratory techniques for veterinary technicians.
  25. Roy M A, Krishnan L, Roy Roy A. Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Centella asiatica. Natural Products Chemistry & Research. 2018;06(04). doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000323
  26. Thangaraj P. Pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26811-
  27. Alqethami A, Aldhebiani AY. Medicinal plants used in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: phytochemical screening. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(1):805-812. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.01
  28. Velurajan S, Balamurugan V. Phytochemical comparison of alcoholic extract of fresh and dry Curcuma longa. Int J Adv Res Innov Ideas Educ. 2019;5(3):419-428
  29. Gul R, Jan SU, Faridullah S, Sherani S, Jahan N. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan. The Scientific World Journal. 2017;2017:1-7. doi:10.1155/2017/5873648
  30. Shrestha P, Adhikari S, Lamichhane B, Shrestha BG. Phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants of Nepal. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol. 2015;1(6):11-17
  31. Ighodaro OM, Adeosun AM, Akinloye OA. Alloxan-induced diabetes, a common model for evaluating the glycemic-control potential of therapeutic compounds and plants extracts in experimental studies. Medicina. 2017;53(6):365-374. doi:10.1016/j.medici.2018.02.001
  32. Tran N, Pham B, Le L. Bioactive Compounds in Anti-Diabetic Plants: From Herbal Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery. Biology. 2020;9(9):252. doi:10.3390/biology9090252
  33. Aba PE, Asuzu IU. Mechanisms of action of some bioactive antidiabetic principles from phytochemicals of medicinal plants: a review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, vol. 9(2), June 2018, pp 85-96.
  34. Bacanli M, Dilsiz SA, Başaran N, Başaran AA. Effects of phytochemicals against diabetes. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 2019:209-238. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.006
  35. El-Tantawy WH, Temraz A. Management of diabetes using herbal extracts: review. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017;124(5):383-389. doi:10.1080/13813455.2017.1419493
  36. Kooti W, Farokhipour M, Asadzadeh Z, Ashtary-Larky D, Asadi-Samani M. The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: a systematic review. Electronic physician. 2016;8(1):1832-1842. doi:10.19082/1832
  37. Mwangi EN, Chen F, Njoroge DM. Agricultural Imports, Agriculture Productivity and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Trade. 2020;7(1-2):15. doi:10.2991/jat.k.200902.001
  38. Njoroge GK, Njagi ENM, Gikonyo NK, Ngugi PM. In vivo glycemic and toxicity effects of aqueous extracts of Urtica massaica. Int J Med Pharm Sci. 2020;10(3):35-44.
  39. Choudhury H, Pandey M, Hua CK, Mun CS, Jing JK, Kong L, et al. An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2018;8(3):361-376. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012
  40. Sujeevi A, Wickramasinghe D, Kalansuriya P, Attanayake AP. Herbal medicines targeting impro
  41. Rehani PR, Iftikhar H, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Jabbar Z, Rehani RN. Safety and Mode of Action of Diabetes Medications in comparison with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA). Journal of Diabetes Research. 2019;2019:1-10. doi:10.1155/2019/4267357
  42. Bösenberg LH, van Zyl DG. The mechanism of action of oral antidiabetic drugs: A review of recent literature. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa. 2008;13(3):80-88. doi:10.1080/22201009.2008.10872177
  43. Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles. Biophysical Reviews. 2016;8(1):5-9. doi:10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2
  44. Kumar V, Singh DD, Lakhawat SS, Yasmeen N, Pandey A, Singla RK. Biogenic Phytochemicals Modulating Obesity: From Molecular Mechanism to Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;2022:1-20. doi:10.1155/2022/6852276
  45. Tucci SA. Phytochemicals in the Control of Human Appetite and Body Weight. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(3):748-763. doi:10.3390/ph3030748
  46. Astell KJ, Mathai ML, Su XQ. Plant extracts with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control: A systematic review of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2013;21(4):407-416. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.05.007
  47. WM A, DW N. Hematological Markers of In Vivo Toxicity. Journal of Hematology & Thromboembolic Diseases. 2016;04(02). doi:10.4172/2329-8790.1000236
  48. Olayode OA, Daniyan MO, Olayiwola G. Biochemical, hematological and histopathological evaluation of the toxicity potential of the leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2020;10(6):544-554. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.05.001
  49. Lieberman M, Peet A. Marks' basic medical biochemistry: a clinical approach. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
Support