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Research and Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology Review Article

Impact of Therapeutics on Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

  1. Raj Nandini Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida,
  2. Deepanshi Kaura Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida
  3. Reema Gabrani Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii, a formidable pathogen in healthcare settings, poses a significant threat due to its propensity to cause nosocomial infections. This bacterium exhibits several attributes that enable it to evade the human body's natural defenses. A. baumannii's remarkable adaptability is highlighted by its ease in acquiring antibiotic resistance determinants, rendering it challenging to treat. Its ability to thrive in hospital environments underscores the urgent need for stringent infection control practices and enhanced sanitation measures. Its resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and its unique ability to form biofilms - resilient communities of microorganisms adhering to surfaces, offers a protective shield against antibiotics and promote the exchange of genetic material. This review delves into the intricacies of A. baumannii's resistance to well-known antibiotics, like Carbapenems, biofilm formation, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, antibiotic-hydrolysing genes, overexpression of efflux pumps, and alteration of outer membrane porins. We examine the various factors that influence resistance phenotypes and genes within biofilms through mechanisms such as conjugation and transformation. In addition, we investigate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the biofilm formation process, including surface properties, growth conditions, and growth medium. Device-related infections associated with A. baumannii colonization are a significant concern in healthcare. Research into novel antimicrobial agents and the development of rapid diagnostic tools are vital steps toward mitigating the impact of A. baumannii in clinical settings. The review outlines various strategies for preventing A. baumannii resistance, including the use of antibiotic combinations, monoclonal antibodies, quorum sensing inhibitors, efflux pump inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, and phage therapy. Understanding the multifaceted attributes of A. baumannii, and its mechanisms of resistance is critical for developing effective interventions to combat this challenging pathogen in healthcare settings.

Keywords

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