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Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions Review Article

Childhood Obesity: From Determinants to Clinical Management strategies

  1. Raushan Kumar Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College And Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi road, Lucknow
  2. Maaz Syed Department of Radio diagnosis, Dr. T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Amausi, Anora, Lucknow
  3. Nida Akhlaq Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College And Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi road, Lucknow
  4. Sharique Ahmad Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College And Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi road, Lucknow

Abstract

Childhood obesity is one of the major global health problems in whole world, with a dramatic increase in prevalence over the recent few decades. Obesity associated with very serious long term health complications and sometimes very serious complications, such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular, neurological, renal and psychological disorders. There are various factors such as genetic, environmental, behavioural, and socio-economic factors are some key player in the pathogenesis of obesity. In this review we focused on epidemiology, aetiology, clinical consequences, and management strategies of childhood obesity. According to the World Health Organization, the burden of childhood overweight and obesity has risen alarmingly over recent decades, particularly in urban and transitioning populations. The clinical implications of childhood obesity are profound and extend beyond simple weight gain, encompassing a wide spectrum of metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and psychosocial complications. Affected children are at increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and early atherosclerotic changes, along with psychological issues such as low self-esteem, depression, and social stigmatization. Importantly, obesity in childhood frequently tracks into adulthood, thereby amplifying long-term morbidity and premature mortality. Management of childhood obesity requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that emphasizes prevention, early identification, and sustained intervention. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of therapy, including balanced nutrition, increased physical activity, and behavioural change strategies involving both the child and family. In selected cases, pharmacological therapy and bariatric interventions may be considered under strict clinical supervision. Public health measures, policy-level interventions, and community-based programs are essential to address the broader determinants of this epidemic. This review provides a concise overview of the aetiological factors, clinical consequences, and evidence-based management strategies for childhood obesity, highlighting the need for integrated efforts to curb this growing global health challenge.

Keywords

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