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Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions Review Article

Retained Placenta in Dairy Cows: Causes, Consequences and Effective Strategies for Sustainable Dairy Development

  1. Md. Emran Hossain Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi

Abstract

Retained placenta (RP) is a common reproductive disorder in dairy cows that poses a significant threat to reproductive efficiency, milk yield, and overall herd productivity. The condition, characterized by the failure to expel fetal membranes within 24 hours post-calving, results from a complex interplay of metabolic, endocrine, nutritional, and management-related factors. Key causative agents include dystocia, twin births, premature calving, mineral imbalances, oxidative stress, immune suppression, and hormonal disruptions, particularly involving prostaglandins and oxytocin. The consequences of RP are multifaceted, ranging from metritis, endometritis, and reduced conception rates to extended calving intervals, increased culling, and elevated veterinary expenses. Moreover, the condition compromises animal welfare and increases the environmental footprint of dairy operations due to inefficient resource utilization. Addressing RP is critical for promoting sustainable dairy development, particularly under tropical and subtropical conditions where stressors are more pronounced. Effective strategies include early diagnosis, improvement of transition cow nutrition, targeted mineral supplementation, stress mitigation, enhancement of periparturient immunity, and refinement of calving management practices. Emphasis must also be placed on adopting precision dairy technologies and herd health monitoring systems to enable timely interventions. This review underscores the need for integrative approaches that align reproductive health with sustainability goals, thereby fostering resilient and productive dairy systems.

Keywords

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