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Research and Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science and Technology Review Article

Cow’s Milk Allergy: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Alternative Formulations

  1. Swati Sharma Multi-disciplinary Reteach Unit, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital
  2. Yash Yadav AES Laboratories

Abstract

Cow’s Milk Allergy (CMA) occurs when the immune system reacts to proteins in cow’s milk, like casein and whey. In individuals with CMA, the immune system wrongly perceives these proteins as threats, causing allergic reactions when cow’s milk is consumed. Unlike lactose intolerance, which results from the body’s inability to digest lactose – a sugar in milk – due to a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, CMA is an immune system response. CMA is particularly concerning for infants and young children, as milk serves as a major nutritional source in early development. Allergic reactions can vary from mild symptoms like skin rashes and digestive problems to severe, life-threatening reactions, such as anaphylaxis [1, 2]. Understanding CMA is crucial for managing the health and nutrition of those affected, especially infants who depend on milk for their development. Worldwide, CMA affects 2–3% of infants and young children. While most children outgrow the allergy by ages 3–5, it can sometimes continue into adulthood. In adults, CMA is less common, but those affected may continue to experience allergic reactions. The prevalence of CMA can be influenced by several factors, including genetics (family history of allergies), early introduction of cow’s milk into the diet, and geographic variation (rates can differ between countries and regions). Understanding these factors helps in recognizing the populations most at risk and tailoring management strategies accordingly [3, 4].

Keywords

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