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Journal of Industrial Safety Engineering Review Article

Dioxin Sources, Types, Toxicity, and Removal Technologies: A Review

  1. Leela Kaur
  2. Manasi Maru

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive investigation of dioxin, an endocrine-disrupting compound, and its impacts on environment and human health. Dioxin have antagonistic effects on hormones. It is pivotal to identify the origin of dioxin exposure for the well-being of environment and human health. Hence, the sources of dioxin, its dispersion, concentrations in air, water and soil medias, and health effects are discussed in detail. Endocrine disrupting compounds are categorized into 5 types namely, xenoestrogens, phthalates, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), poly chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and bisphenol. Dioxins are complex organic chemicals (persistent organic pollutants) with diverse effects on various cell types, tissues, and living organisms. They have carcinogenic characteristics. The prime sources of dioxins are combustion, incineration, reservoir, and industrial release. Once entered in the environment, dioxin can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in living systems. Henceforth, remediation of dioxin from water, soil, air and living organisms is much needed. Bioremediation is one of the best alternatives to degrade dioxins from the media by using microorganisms. It is a clean, green, cost-effective, and sustainable approach. Dehalo coccoides bacteria are known to dechlorinate certain dioxin congeners. Phanerochaete chrysosporium (white-rot fungi) produces dioxin degrading enzymes. The other dioxin remediation methods are composting, microbial consortia bioaugmentation, incineration, and stabilization. Presently the cumulative potential of nano particles and microbes is being utilized in dioxin degradation which is known as nano-bioremediation. The treatment of dioxins would become efficient with advancement in bioremediation methods. The paper can be utilized by decision makers to control dioxin release and create awareness among the people.

Keywords

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