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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications Original Research

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Solar-Assisted Electric Bicycle for Sustainable Urban Transportation

  1. Abhishek Savita Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Swami Vivekanand Campus, Khandari, Agra
  2. Vishak Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Swami Vivekanand Campus, Khandari, Agra
  3. Manish Dixit Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Swami Vivekanand Campus, Khandari, Agra
  4. Gopal Sharma Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eshan College of Engineering Near Raipura Jaat, Mathura

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable transportation and the depletion of fossil fuel resources have accelerated the development of environmentally friendly mobility solutions. Electric bicycles have emerged as an effective alternative for short-distance transportation due to their low energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. However, their dependence on grid-based charging limits their sustainability, particularly in regions with inadequate charging infrastructure. This study presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a solar-assisted electric bicycle that integrates photovoltaic energy with an electric drive system to provide an independent and eco-friendly mode of transportation. The developed prototype consists of a 40 W photovoltaic panel, a 24 V battery pack formed by two 12 V, 14 Ah valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, a 250 W DC geared motor, a charge controller, a motor controller, and a chain-driven transmission mechanism. The electrical and mechanical components were selected based on power requirements, vehicle load, operating speed, and charging characteristics. Design calculations were performed to determine battery capacity, torque requirement, power demand, motor speed, charging duration, and expected travel range under typical operating conditions. The experimental evaluation demonstrated that the proposed system can achieve a maximum speed of approximately 25–28 km/h while providing an estimated travel range of 25–30 km per charge under normal operating conditions. Solar charging effectively supplements battery charging during idle periods, thereby reducing dependence on external electricity sources. The integrated charging controller ensures stable battery operation and protects the electrical system against overcharging and deep discharge. The developed prototype offers a practical solution for short-distance urban commuting while minimizing operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed solar-assisted electric bicycle demonstrates the feasibility of integrating renewable energy with electric mobility and provides an economical transportation alternative suitable for educational campuses, residential communities, and urban environments.

Keywords

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