10 publications
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Modern Vaccines with DIVA Capability: An OverviewBy Ajit Singh
Abstract: DIVA vaccines are designed to achieve twin-goals of the immunological protection of the host and the immunological differentiation of the infected from the vaccinated animals (DIVA) with a companion immunodiagnostic test. The DIVA strategy is used in countries that follow the vaccination path for elimination of an infectious disease and ultimately to achieve the disease-free status for international trade. This strategy has also been advocated for and adopted in the …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2015 · pp. 1–12 Read article →
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Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine DesignsBy Ajit Singh
Abstract: Vaccines are among the most valuable assets for saving human and animal lives. The vaccines discovered and designed on the Pasteurian principles laid the foundations of the traditional vaccine regime during the late-19th century. Some traditional vaccine designs proved remarkably successful, while others had safety or efficacy problems, and still others failed- particularly those against diseases caused by non-cultivable, hyper-variable or opportunist pathogens, or those requiring cellular immunity. The problems …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2016 · pp. 17–31 Read article →
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A Single-domain Antibody Cross-reacts with Lipopolysaccharide from Diverse Gram-negative BacteriaBy Ajit Singh, S. Banerjee
Abstract: Gram-negative bacterial sepsis and endotoxemia are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans worldwide, and attempts have continued to design rational therapies. Endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralizing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been produced, but are not free from problems. Single-domain antibodies (dAbs), constructed from the camelid and the shark ‘heavy chain antibodies’ by phage display technology possess favorable features for in vivo applications. The objective of this study …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 6, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 29–37 Read article →
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Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle-Adjuvanted Pasteurella multocida B:2 Vaccine is Potent and Efficacious and is Able with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin as a Marker to Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA)By Ajit Singh, Susim Mukul Ray
Abstract: Pasteurella multocida B:2 causes hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in bovines in Asia. For effective implementation of HS control program in India, a safe and efficacious vaccine to provide long lasting protection and allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) has to be developed. The objectives of the present study were to develop HS-DIVA vaccine with a companion immunodiagnostic test using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a marker, and to improve …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 8–16 Read article →
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Cell Membrane Immunogens of a Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus Isolate Adjuvanted with Bacterial Chromosomal DNA Are Protective in a Mouse Mastitis ModelBy Krishan Sharma, Ajit Singh
Abstract: Biofilm-forming staphylococci have been implicated in persistent bovine udder infections. Prophylactic potential of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm phenotype-associated immunogens in mouse models of systemic, but not intramammary infections has been demonstrated. In the present study, the authors observed protection in a murine model of intramammary infection by two subcutaneous injections at four-week interval of biofilm-forming S. aureus cell membrane antigens mixed with homologous chromosomal DNA as adjuvant, when challenged after eight …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013 · pp. 18–24 Read article →
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Antibody Pharming in Transgenic Plants: An OverviewBy Ajit Singh
Abstract: Antibodies (Abs) are secreted large-sized glycoprotein products of terminally differentiated B cells in vertebrate species and since their discovery during 1890s, they have been widely used for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, epidemiology and life-science research. They have been traditionally produced in large amounts by repeated immunization of animals. Various techniques for production of full-length and fragments of antibody that have been introduced later are: (i). hybridoma technology during …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013 · pp. 1–10 Read article →
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Isolation and Characterization of “Heavy Chain Antibody” Variable Domain Gene of Indian Desert Camel (Camelus dromedarius, L.)By Ajit Singh, Neelam Pandey
Abstract: Camelids have “heavy chain antibodies” (HCAbs) of IgG isotype (IgG2 and IgG3 subtypes) and lack light chains and heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) in their structure. The molecular biological features of VHH (i.e., antigen binding variable domain of HCAbs) gene isolated from Indian desert camel were examined as a prelude to construct VHHs-phage display library. VHH cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from B lymphocyte mRNA, …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2013 · pp. 22–31 Read article →
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Production of Single-domain Antibodies Library by Phage Display TechnologyBy Ajit Singh, Neelam Pandey, Pooja Jangra, Jagveer Rawat
Abstract: Single-domain antibodies (dAbs) are synthesized from variable domain gene-segments of atypical camelid or shark “heavy chain antibodies” (HCAbs) by phage display technology. We have constructed a phage display library of > 5 × 107 dAb clones derived from HCAb genes in B lymphocyte repertoire of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-immunized Indian desert camel and isolated dAb-phage clones by panning of the library against LPS and Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins. Nucleotide and deduced amino-acid …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2012 · pp. 8–13 Read article →
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Immunology as Applied to Farm Animal Welfare: General Principles and InterventionsBy Ajit Singh
Abstract: Animal welfare is a state of animal’s well-being as indicated by scientific evidence and preferably quantifiable read-out of its health, nourishment, behavior and living conditions. Farm animals are reared for food and other purposes in different production systems. Farm animal welfare, particularly in intensive production systems, is an emerging concern of society at large, consumers of farm animal-source food in particular. Changing climate and weather patterns, intensive crop-farming and high-density …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 8, Issue 1, 2018 · pp. 1–13 Read article →
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Next Generation Immunoassays for Infectious Diseases of AnimalsBy Ajit Singh
Abstract: Veterinary diagnostics has an essential role to play in the management and control of infectious diseases. Immunodiagnostics originated towards the end of 19th century with the advent of agglutination- and precipitation-based serological techniques. Progress in immunodiagnostics during the 20th century is marked by development of complement fixation test, and later, fluoro-, radio- and enzyme-immunoassays during 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, respectively. Various immunodiagnostic test formats were improved for their performance characteristics …
Published in Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology · Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 22–43 Read article →