5G; 6G; microwave propagation; millimeter-wave; sub-terahertz; channel modelling; 3GPP TR 38.901; NYUSIM; ray tracing; path loss; blockage; massive MIMO; beamforming.

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• Published Ahead of print Subscription Review Article 5 Nov 2026

  Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Propagation Models for 5G and 6G Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Review

  By Shriya Joshi, Vaibhav Godase

  Abstract: The evolution of fifth-generation (5G) and emerging sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems is driving the use of wider bandwidths, large antenna arrays, directional transmission, higher carrier frequencies, and increasingly dynamic network topologies. These developments make accurate radio-propagation models essential for coverage prediction, link-budget design, beamforming, mobility management, interference analysis, and system-level evaluation. Conventional sub-6-GHz models cannot always represent the propagation behaviour encountered in millimeter-wave (mmWave), upper-mid-band, and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) scenarios, where …

  Published in Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies Read article →