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37 articles for “Black-hole”
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Gravitational Wave Astronomy (2015–2026): From Historic Discoveries to Quantum Detection Frontiers
Abstract: Since the landmark detection of GW150914 by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in 2015, gravitational wave (GW) astronomy has transitioned from a theoretical frontier to a robust observational science. This breakthrough confirmed a major prediction of General Relativity and inaugurated an entirely new method for observing the universe. Over the past decade, continuous upgrades to ground-based interferometers such as LIGO, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA have dramatically improved detector sensitivity, enabling the …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 1–5 Read article
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Wireless Sensor Network: Qualitative Analysis of Diverse BlackHole Detection Plans
Abstract: AbstractWireless sensor network is a mesh of sensor nodes deployed over an area of interest. In wireless sensor network safety plays a critical role. It is also a key concern area imparting an effective challenge to the researchers across the world to find a powerful answer in terms of a protection mechanism closer to the problem. The paper offers the qualitative analysis of various WSN security challenges against a well-known …
Published in Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems · Vol. 9, Issue 3, 2019 · pp. 16–22 Read article
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A Review on AODV Protocol and Various Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Abstract: Abstract—Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) allow for wireless devices to form a network without the need for central infrastructure. While the lack of need for infrastructure allows the network to be very flexible, it also makes routing a critical concern in the network. The member nodes are themselves responsible for the creation, operation and maintenance of the network using single hop or multi hop communication. Worm hole attack is one of …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2017 · pp. 1–8 Read article
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String Theory: Simplified Insights into Reality
Abstract: "String Theory: Simplified Insights into Reality" explores the fascinating realm of theoretical physics, delving into the profound principles of string theory and its implications for our understanding of the fundamental nature of the universe. The paper begins with an overview of the historical context, tracing the evolution of string theory from its inception as a theoretical framework to its current status as a leading candidate for a unified theory of …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Space Science & Technology · Vol. 13, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 1–11 Read article
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X-ray Telescopes: Technological Developments and Contributions to High-Energy Astrophysics
Abstract: X-ray telescopes have revolutionized our understanding of the high-energy universe, unveiling phenomena that are invisible to optical telescopes. This paper reviews the technological advancements in X-ray telescope design, instrumentation, and data analysis techniques, which have significantly enhanced their sensitivity and resolution. We trace the development from early X-ray detectors to modern space-based observatories like the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton. These advancements have facilitated groundbreaking discoveries, such as the …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 16–22 Read article
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Cutting- Edge Gravitational-Wave Detectors: Technology & Innovations
Abstract: Gravitational wave detectors using laser interferometry are sophisticated instruments designed to measure the ripples in spacetime caused by cosmic events such as the merging of black holes or neutron stars. This schematic outlines the fundamental components and working principle of a typical laser interferometric gravitational wave detector, such as those used in the LIGO and Virgo observatories. The core of the detector is an interferometer, typically a Michelson interferometer, with …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 23–29 Read article
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Unified Mass–Energy Dissolution Cosmology (UMEDC): A Staged Framework for Cosmic Energy Transformation and Late-Time Acceleration
Abstract: The ΛCDM model successfully describes the universe’s expansion but remains fundamentally descriptive: it assigns fixed densities to matter, dark matter, and dark energy without providing a unifying physical mechanism behind their coexistence or evolution. In this work, we introduce the Unified Mass–Energy Dissolution Cosmology (UMEDC), a novel framework based on the staged transformation M → DM → DE, where ordinary matter gradually dissolves into a dark-matter-like reservoir, which subsequently transforms …
Published in International Journal of Universe · Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2025 · pp. 18–34 Read article
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Energy conserving Detection Model for cooperative region Attacks in Wireless detector Networks
Abstract: This study describes energy computation algorithmic rule wireless detector networks. The algorithmic rule is adjustable, we are able to wage counter attacks in against either single black holes or groups of malicious nodes within the detector networks. Routing data table (DRI) is employed to traumatize modification and cross checking and knowledge to spot the cooperative region nodes. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process): mechanism is employed to mitigate the safety problems concerning …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2018 · pp. 18–22 Read article
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A Survey on Various Security Issues in Delay Tolerant Networks
Abstract: Security is one of the major threats in Delay tolerant network (DTN). The DTN communication takes place when if it is in the range of communication. Hence due to this shortcoming there exists possibility of dropping the delivered messages by the selfish or malicious nodes, which result to attacks. Various security attacks such as; black hole, wormhole, grey hole etc. effect the network connectivity as well as increase the delay. …
Published in Journal of Advances in Shell Programming · Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2015 · pp. 12–18 Read article
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Detection and Avoidance of Integrated Attacks on MANET using Trusted Hyperbolic AODV Routing Protocol
Abstract: A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network such that nodes can move dynamically in an infrastructure less network. In reality, MANET may face challenges because of combination of attacks like collaborative black hole, wormhole, flooding and grey hole etc. We have used the term integrated attacks to show the combination of attacks in three different scenarios created. In order to enhance the network performance and eliminate malicious nodes …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2016 · pp. 21–34 Read article
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Advanced Dynamic Source Routing Protocol Based on Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Performance Enhancement in MANETs
Abstract: In this paper, a cuckoo search (CS) algorithm based advanced dynamic source routing (ADSR) protocol is proposed to identify and anticipate selective black hole attack or gray hole attack in MANETs. The nature inspired cuckoo search algorithm aids in finding new solutions that can be substituted for the existing ones if found superior. The simulation results show that the use of cuckoo search algorithm with ADSR protocol gray hole attack …
Published in Journal of Mobile Computing, Communications & Mobile Networks · Vol. 7, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 1–6 Read article
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Detection of Malicious Node in VANET
Abstract: Due to the fast mobility of vehicles, vehicular ad-hoc networks are currently a subject of research. The need of wireless network in Vehicular Communication led to the popularity of VANET. MANET is a superclass of VANET. These together contribute greatly to Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Due to the rise in vehicles, efficient coordination between them has become necessary. There is no fixed topology in VANET, so the data transfer in …
Published in Recent Trends in Parallel Computing · Vol. 8, Issue 2, 2021 · pp. 6–12 Read article
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Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks: Security Issues and Challenges
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a new development in the field of ad hoc networks. These networks are designed for the post disaster scenarios where end to end connectivity is not possible. In this scenario, sensors are placed to sense the environment and collect information. This collected information is sent to the base station for further communication. Security is a challenging issue in WSN. There are various kinds of attacks …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2016 · pp. 19–22 Read article
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Detection and Prevention of Sybil Attack using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm in Proximity of Closeness Centrality
Abstract: AbstractVehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are the wireless network in which vehicles are equippedwith devices that communicates with each other via data packets. VANETs are mainlyadvocated for applications such as traffic collision detection, toll collection, controlling trafficcongestion, weather forecasting, road diversion warning, car maintenance etc. Security ofVANETs are vulnerable to various attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), GPS spoofing,message alteration, black hole, wormhole attack, spamming attack, node impersonationattack, Sybil attack, …
Published in Journal Of Network security · Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2017 · pp. 28–36 Read article
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The first generation of stars formation at Redshift Z=0 and when did they lit up the dark matter?
Abstract: Our home is our own life galaxy, the "Milky Way” which consist of trillions and trillions of stars. One of the middle aged, yellow stars is our sun. 400 billions of stars moving with a very complex and orderly grace in our spiral galaxy the Milky Way. In all galaxies there are perhaps as many as many planets as stars i.e 1011 × 1011 =1022, 10 billion trillions planets. Some …
Published in Research & Reviews : Journal of Space Science & Technology · Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2022 · pp. 15–24 Read article
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Capacitance–Resistance Model Application to Reservoirs Primarily Under Aquifer Influx
Abstract: Previous Capacitance – Resistance Models that have been developed to characterise black oil reservoirs undergoing waterflooding do not apply to waterflooding of reservoirs primarily under aquifer influxresulting in significant error. This paper has attempted to overcome this limitation by presenting the aquifer influx as a pseudo injector whose injection rate is represented by an existing aquifer model.The influencing parameters of the model have been modified to include an aquifer influx …
Published in Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering · Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2020 · pp. 16–29 Read article
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Utilizing Chemical Machining Methods in the Metalworking Sector
Abstract: Chemical machining is a kind of material removal technique used to produce desired shapes and dimensions by selectively or completely removing material through carefully regulated chemical attack using etchant solutions, which are solutions of acids or alkalis. One type of chemical machining is chemical milling, also known as contour machining, etching, or chemiluminescence. The aerospace industry uses chemical milling to remove thin layers of material from extruded parts for aircraft …
Published in International Journal of Manufacturing and Production Engineering · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2024 · pp. 17–23 Read article