Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies Review Article
Optimized Energy Storage and Battery Control Strategies for Solar PV Applications
Abstract
In photovoltaic systems, the storage battery frequently has the highest lifetime cost and significantly affects the system's dependability and performance. The most popular storage technology for solar energy applications now is the lead acid battery. The advantages of the lead acid battery are its excellent accessibility and affordability. A lead acid battery's lifespan can be greatly impacted by its charging schedule. Maximizing battery utilization, extending battery life, and enhancing overall system dependability and affordability are the objectives of the battery management system covered in this paper. technology as well as a few of the various charging techniques currently used with solar systems. Over the course of the system's lifetime, the storage battery is the most crucial and expensive component of standalone photovoltaic (PV) power systems. Its performance directly affects load availability, energy dependability, and long-term cost effectiveness. Because of their low initial cost, well-established technological basis, and wide market availability, lead-acid batteries remain the most widely used storage option for photovoltaic applications. However, their operating lifetime is significantly impacted by improper charging, temperature swings, and uneven power delivery from the intrinsically intermittent PV source. The mismatch between the strict charging requirements of lead-acid batteries and the nonlinear current- voltage characteristics of PV modules often results in undercharging, overcharging, sulfation, and early aging.
Keywords
References (22)
- Blaabjerg F, Ma K, Yang Y. Power electronics for renewable energy systems-status and trends. InCIPS 2014; 8th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems 2014 Feb 25 (pp. 1-11). VDE.
- Vaka SS, Matam SK. Optimal sizing and management of battery energy storage systems in microgrids for operating cost minimization. Electric Power Components and Systems. 2021 Oct 21;49(16-17):1319-32.
- Kaundinya DP, Balachandra P, Ravindranath NH. Grid-connected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power—A review of literature. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2009 Oct 1;13(8):2041-50.
- Esram T, Chapman PL. Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion. 2007 Jun 30;22(2):439-49.
- Femia N, Petrone G, Spagnuolo G, Vitelli M. Power electronics and control techniques for maximum energy harvesting in photovoltaic systems. CRC press; 2017 Jul 12.
- Bhangu BS, Bentley P, Stone DA, Bingham CM. Nonlinear observers for predicting state-of-charge and state-of-health of lead-acid batteries for hybrid-electric vehicles. IEEE transactions on vehicular technology. 2005 May 31;54(3):783-94.
- Chen M, Rincon-Mora GA. Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and IV performance. IEEE transactions on energy conversion. 2006 Jun 30;21(2):504-11.
- Khaligh A, Li Z. Battery, ultracapacitor, fuel cell, and hybrid energy storage systems for electric, hybrid electric, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: State of the art. IEEE transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2010 Apr 12;59(6):2806-14.
- Liu D, Wang S, Li X, Fan Y, Fernandez C, Blaabjerg F. A novel extended Kalman filter-guided long short-term memory algorithm for power lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation at multiple temperatures. Energy. 2025 Aug 11:137973.
- Shen H, Zhu W, Chen W. Charge equalization for series connected lithium-ion batteries. In2009 9th International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments 2009 Aug 16 (pp. 4-1032). IEEE.
- Wang YW, Shu CM. Hazard characterizations of Li-ion batteries: thermal runaway evaluation by calorimetry methodology. InRechargeable Batteries: Materials, Technologies and New Trends 2015 Jun 25 (pp. 419-454). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Patel H, Agarwal V. Maximum power point tracking scheme for PV systems operating under partially shaded conditions. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics. 2008 Apr 30;55(4):1689-98.
- Meng Q, He Y, Hussain S, Lu J, Guerrero JM. Design and optimization of solar photovoltaic microgrids with adaptive storage control for residential standalone systems. Energy Reports. 2025 Dec 1;14:989-97.
- Devi B, Kumar VS. Lithium-ion battery management system: a review. In2022 International conference on power, energy, control and transmission systems (ICPECTS) 2022 Dec 8 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
- Gow JA, Manning CD. Development of a photovoltaic array model for use in power-electronics simulation studies. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications. 1999 Mar 10;146(2):193-200.
- Kjaer SB, Pedersen JK, Blaabjerg F. A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules. IEEE transactions on industry applications. 2005 Oct 31;41(5):1292-306.
- Rao Z, Wang S. A review of power battery thermal energy management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011 Dec 1;15(9):4554-71.
- Arshadi SA, Adib E, Farzanehfard H, Esteki M. New high step-up DC-DC converter for photovoltaic grid-connected applications. InThe 6th Power Electronics, Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC2015) 2015 Feb 3 (pp. 189-194). IEEE.
- Das M, Agarwal V. Design and analysis of a high-efficiency DC–DC converter with soft switching capability for renewable energy applications requiring high voltage gain. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2016 Jan 7;63(5):2936-44.
- Hannan MA, Hoque MM, Hussain A, Yusof Y, Ker PJ. State-of-the-art and energy management system of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications: Issues and recommendations. Ieee Access. 2018 Mar 21;6:19362-78.
- Sankhwar P, Sankhwar KK. Direct Current (DC) electrical conductors for the power distribution system for a group of five residential houses. India Patent. 2025 Nov 14;567269:14.
- Sankhwar P. Evaluation of transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) by 2052 in the United States. Sustainable Energy Research. 2024 Oct 3;11(1):35.