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Tobacco and COVID-19: Molecular Interactions and Public Health Challenges – A Review
Abstract: Tobacco use exacerbates health risks, making it a significant concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. Smoking has been implicated in the upregulation of ACE2 receptors, critical for SARS- CoV-2 entry, and contributes to immune dysregulation and oxidative stress, worsening clinical outcomes. Methods: This review synthesizes evidence on the molecular mechanisms linking tobacco and COVID-19, assesses risk factors, such as smoking status and comorbidities, and explores public health challenges in managing the …
Published in International Journal of Virus Studies · Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2025 · pp. 1–6 Read article